Immunity Overview 2 (Test 1) Flashcards
What is Innate immunity?
- One of our 2 major defense systems that act in a way that does not require specific recognition of each pathogen.
- *WORKS THE SAME NO MATTER what the problem is and works the SAME NO MATTER how many times it has encountered the problem, but is FAST!
Compare and contrast innate vs adaptive
Innate:
Specificity= broad
Speed of action = Fast (always on)
Development of memory= No
Adaptive:
Specificity= Very
Speed of action = Slow
Development of memory= yes
What are some examples of the innate defenses in our body ?
1) Continually replenishing outside barrier epithelium
2) Water flush (tears, saliva, etc)
3) Secreted antimicrobial molecules
4) Competitive flora of friendly microbes (normal flora)
What are stem cells?
Found in large numbers in the bone marrow. All the blood cells and platelets arise form these stem cells.
What are example of adaptive immunity?
1) B lymphocytes–> Plasma cell (new lymphocytes emerge daily)
2) T lymphocytes-
3) Macrophage- kuppfer cell, dendritic cell, glial cell, alveolar cell.
The mechanism and actions of the inflammatory response are considered?
Part of the innate system but also interact with adaptive.
1) Inflammation can start a sequence of events that initiate the adaptive immune response to a particular problem
2) The adaptive immune response, if specifically activated by an insult will produce products that can help the inflammatory process remove the problem
Tissue injury/and or infection result in the immediate release and production of response molecules called?
HISTAMINES (from sentinel cells– mast cells)
What do these responses to injury or infection alter the body to ?
A problem and initiate the inflammatory response by actin to:
1) increase the local capillary flow bu relaxing pre-capillary sphincters (= heat and redness)
2) Cause the capillary endothelia cells to gap, causing blood fluid and any soluble molecules it contains to flood into the affected tissues( = swelling = edema)
3) Cause the capillary endothelial cells to show “stop signs” (CELL ADHESION MOLECULES, or CAMs) that cause certain inflammatory responses cells to exit the capillaries and move to the site of injury.
- These include recruited phagocytic cells (e.g PMNs or Macrophages) that work to clear foreign materials and dead cells.
Note: These precesses allow healing and repair to proceed.
What is the difference between acute and chronic inflammation?
Acute= Plasma proteins, mast cells, and Neutrophils
Chronic= Cell proteins, lymphocytes, macrophages, mononuclear
What is acquired immunity (specific immunity, adaptive immunity) ?
Uses specific lymphocytes B and T that are selected during infection because they recognize (bind specifically) a particular microbe, but are useless against most other microbes (do not bind)
Note: They act cooperatively with the innate sys tio fight foreign invading microbes
What kind of bacteria is Streptococcus pneumonia? Who does it affect?
GRAM +, causes pneumonia in weakened individuals (old and very young)
What does pneumonia result from?
- From an inflammatory response to a unique molecule in the cell wall of this bacterium.
- This inflammation can produce PNEUMONIA and MENINGITIS- both sometimes FATAL.
Are antibiotics resistant to S. pneumonia?
-What virulence factor does it have?
-Increasing precent of S. pneumonia strains are resistant
-Has an outer capsule
(it is a GOOD example of what antigens are, and how T and B cells work together)
What does the recovery of S. pneumonia provide?
A good model of how the adaptive immune system works, and also shows one of many mechanisms whereby antibodies PROTECT the host.
What does the outer capsule of many pathogens like S. pneumonia do?
Blocks phagocytosis by PMNs and macrophages
Note: A bacterial capsule is a polysaccharide that is immunogenic (induces an adaptive response)
