immunity / nervous Flashcards
4 layers of the body’s first line of defense
skin - multilayered sweat/sebum producing protection
mucous - traps bacteria for white blood cells to digest
gastric acid - acidic
tears - washes pathogens away
antigens
antibody generators - makes antibodies that can bind to antigens to create effects
- cause openings in the cell wall
- neutralize pathogens by binding to all their receptor sites
- bunch pathogens together to efficiently deal with them
specific immunity
B Cells come in many forms, and can produce specific antibodies to specific pathogens, activated upon infection
clonal selection
cloning of activated B cells by mitosis to produce many, many plasma cells (clones). activated by antibodies binding to the specific antigen.
pathogen neutralization process (macrophages, helper T cells, B cells)
- macrophages engulf pathogens
- Antigens of the pathogen are presented on the outer membrane of the macrophage, identifiable by the immune system
- Helper T cells become activated by binding with specific receptors to the macrophages
- activated helper T cells in turn activate B cells that are specific to the antigen of the pathogens
- B cells then clone and produce antibodies, produce small quantity of memory cells to perform faster cloning in case a similar infection occurs in the future
specific immunity in re-exposure
large, rapid antibody production to combat pathogen more effectively
vaccines aim to replicate the first exposure, so that in the case of a real exposure a bigger response will be elicited
monoclonal antibodies
can be injected into the body to manually increase the concentration of antibodies in the blood
monoclonal antibodies
can be injected into the body to manually increase the concentration of antibodies in the blood
monoclonal antibodies in pregnancy tests
3 antibody sites
hCG hormone indicates body preparing for pregnancy, pregnancy tests aim to detect this hormone in a persons urine
specific monoclonal antibodies died blue are present in the strips of the tests. hCG caught by antibodies remain there and dye the strips
2nd strip is to catch hCG using antibodies to create a second strip to indicate validity of the test
allergies
antihistamines - prevent leaky vessels and prevent binding of histamines to lessen minor allergic reactions
epinephrine - given via epipen
zoonosis
pathogens jumping from animal infection to human infection
epidemiology
definition
study of the origins/spread/geographical factors and patterns related to infections and outbreaks
antibiotics history
who discovered penicillin? who used antibiotics first on mice?
penicillin discovered by Alexander Fleming
first tests on mice by Ernst Chain and Howard Florey
antibiotics?
what are they, where they are found, what they do
chemical agents produced naturally by fungi to fend off bacteria and reduce nutrient competition
HIV
target, type of virus, reproduction and consequences
targets helper T cells
retrovirus (RNA virus)
- once inside its host, enzymes called reverse transcriptase are used to copy its RNA to make DNA, and inserted into the T cell genome
- a viral lytic cell is triggered: host cell makes copies of the virus and is killed
- severely compromised immunity leads to AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
