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Metabolics > Immunity in the Gut > Flashcards

Immunity in the Gut Flashcards

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1
Q

2 branches of immune defenses

A
  1. Innate

2. Adaptive

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2
Q

Innate

A
  • immediate
  • physical, chemical, cellular barriers
  • cells of the innate
  • recognition of pathogenic associated molecular patters (PAMPS)
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3
Q

Adaptive

A
  • Learned
  • Antigen specific: B cells (antibodies) & T cells (cellular)
  • immunological memory
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4
Q

Innate response time

A

Minutes/hours

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5
Q

Innate immunity diversity

A

a limited number of germ line encoded receptors

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6
Q

innate memory responses

A

none

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7
Q

innate self/nonself discrimination

A

perfect (doesn’t accidently recognize self as bad)

- no microbe specific patterns in host

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8
Q

innate soluble components of blood or tissue fluids

A

many antimicrobial peptides and proteins

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9
Q

innate major cell types

A

Phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils)

  • killer (NK) cells
  • dandritic cells
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10
Q

Adaptive immunity response time

A

days

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11
Q

adaptive specificity

A
  • highly specific discriminates even minor difference in molecular structure
  • details of microbial or nonmicrobial structure recognized with high specificity
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12
Q

adaptive memory responses

A

-persistent memory with faster response of greater magnitude on subsequent infection

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13
Q

adaptive self/nonself discrimination

A
  • very good

- occasional failures of self/nonself discrimination result in autoimmune disease

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14
Q

adaptive soluble components of blood or tissue fluids

A

antibodies

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15
Q

adaptive major cell types

A
  • T cells
  • B cells
  • antigen-presenting cells
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16
Q

Innate Immunity: Barriers

A
  • Skin
  • Mouth and upper alimentary canal
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • airway and lungs
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17
Q

Innate Immunity barriers: Skin

A

Antimicrobial peptides, fatty acids in sebum

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18
Q

Innate Immunity barriers: Mouth and upper alimentary canal

A

enzymes, antimicrobial peptides, and sweeping surface by directional flow of fluid toward stomach

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19
Q

Innate Immunity barriers: stomach

A

Low pH

  • digestive enzymes
  • antimicrobial peptides
  • fluid flow toward intestine
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20
Q

Innate Immunity barriers: small intestine

A
  • digestive enzymes
  • antimicrobial peptides
  • fluid flow to large intestine
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21
Q

Innate Immunity barriers: large intestine

A
  • normal intestinal flora compete with invading microbes

- fluid/feces expelled from rectum

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22
Q

Innate Immunity barriers: airway and lungs

A
  • cillia sweek mucus outward
  • coughing
  • sneezing expel mucus
  • macrophages in alveoli of lungs
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23
Q

Innate Immunity: Beyond the first line of defense

A
  • Complement System
  • Recognition of pathogens by antigen presenting cells (APC)
  • A-specific (non-specific) killing of pathogens
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24
Q

Complement system

A

protein complex lysing bacteria

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25
Recognition of pathogens by antigen presenting cells (APC)
- monocytes/macrophages - Dendritic cells - B cells (also in adaptive immunity)
26
A-Specific (non-specific) killing of pathogens
- natural killer (NK) cells | - Neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils
27
Cytokines
- protein chemical messengers - can regulate cell in which produced or other cells - changes activity of target cell through binding to receptors - impacts multiple immune cells - Measure to identify level of inflammation
28
What are cytokines secreted from
monocytes, macrophages, T cells | -innate and adaptive
29
Examples of cytokines
- Tumor necrosis factor - interleukin-1 (IL-1) - interleukin-6 (IL-6)
30
Dendritic cell
- Antigen presenting cell - have chemokine receptors to guide them --> chemokines (cytokines that attract) - can present to B or T cells
31
Antigen-presenting cell
- process antigen material and present it on the surface to other cells of the immune system - macrophages are APC to T cells and B cells - is required for T-cell antigen recognition
32
Adaptive or acquired immune system
- specific - second line of defense - humoral (B cells, antibodies) - Cell-mediated (T cells)
33
Adaptive system cells
- T cells (T lymphocytes) | - T lymphocyte-antigen recognition (TCR)
34
T lymphocyte-antigen recognition
- T lymphocytes recognize antigen via peptides or antigen presenting cells (macrophages) - receptors are antigen specific - antigens have to be "presented" - happens at site of major histocompatibility complex or cluster
35
Adaptive system cells functionally divided into...
-T helper -T cytotoxic T regulatory Suppressor
36
T Helper Cells
- Activated by MHC on antigen-presenting cell - also need co-stimulatory receptor (CD4) - Directs immune system action via cytokines - Marker CD4 predominates
37
What does T Helper do?
- stimulates B lymphocytes to differentiate - activates Tc and natural killer cells - recruits and activates macrophages
38
B cells (B lymphocytes)
- Made in bone marrow - recognize antigens to produce antibodies - differentiate into plasma cells & memory cells - Antibody (immunoglobulin)
39
Antibody (immunoglobulin)
- protein secreted by plasma cells - membrane-bound on memory cells - identifies and neutralizes foreign objects - activate complement pathway
40
What are the different types of antibodies?
- IgM - IgA - IgG - IgE - IgD
41
IgM
1st produced | -precursor and changes to other antibodies
42
IgA
- Mucosal surfaces | - secreted in Breast Milk
43
IgG
- 75% of Ig in circulation, important in fetus/infant food sensitivity - test for specific foods but not always helpful
44
IgE
- Primary antibody in allergies | - produced in response to allergen
45
IgD
levels increase in chronic infections
46
How b cell recognizes antigens
- B cell and antigen have to interact - B cell makes a receptor - T cell activates B cell - B cell releases antibody
47
T cell responses -->
determine the type of immunoglobulin plasma cells produced
48
TH1 vs TH2 responses
- TH1 = intracellular antigens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, tumor cells - TH2 = extracellular antigens: parasites, food and environmental antigens
49
TH1 mediated disease
``` -IgG Rheumatoid arthritis -Chrons disease -Multiple sclerosis -DM1 ```
50
Multiple Sclerosis
- Autoimmune disease - immune system attacts the central nervous system (identify self as nonself) - Damages myelin, myelin-producing cells, and nerve fibers
51
Examples of Th2 mediated disease
- allergens: egg, peanut, ragweed, dust mites - extracellular antigen- environmental and food allergens - IgE
52
Th1 & Th2 similarities
-both promote an appropriate immune response to different types of infectious organisms
53
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) cause
-genetic and environment
54
EoE presentation
- dysphagia - heartburn - food impaction
55
EoE diagnosis
15+ eosinophils per high-power field
56
EoE treatment
Dietary elimination and corticosteroids
57
EoE elemental formula
- Neocate - ~90% effective (histological remission) - difficult to follow
58
EoE dietary treatment
- elemental formula - skin allergy test - directed elimination diet (25% histological remission) - empirical elimination diet based on common food allergens (75% histological remission)
59
T Cytotoxic cells (Tc)
activated by MHC on antigen presenting cell (also need co-stimulatory receptor (CD8)
60
How is Tc activated
activated by Th cell through cytokines | -once activated - becomes cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)
61
What does Tc eliminate?
Eliminates any cells that display antigen - Tumor cells - virus-infected cells - tissue graft cells
62
Regulatory T cells (Tr)
- suppress immune system - discriminate between self and non-self - transforming growth factor-B and inerleukin-10 (anti-inflam) - important in gut immunity
63
Primary lymphoid system
- Bone Marrow - B cells | - Thymus - T cells
64
Secondary lymphoid organs
- Lymph node, spleen, MALT, GALT
65
Tollerance vs. Inflammation
- 80% of all Ig (antibody)-producing cells are in the intestinal mucosa - 20% of all cells in the epithelial layer of the intestine are lymphocytes
66
How do we balance between pathogenic protection and tolerance?
- Oral tolerance: systemic nonresponsiveness to oral antigens - antigenic ignorance (barrier function) - active tolerance (T regulatory cells)
67
Cells in the Intestine
- Epithelial cells - paneth cells - goblet cells - enteroendocrine cells - Intraepithelial lymphocytes (GALT)
68
Epithelial cells
Barrier and express PRR (TLR4)
69
Paneth cells
secrete anti-microbial peptides (SI)
70
Goblet cells
-produce mucus (LI)
71
Enteroendocrine cells
- CCK - GLP-1 - PYY
72
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (GALT)
- mostly T cells | - 10-15 per 100 epithelial cells
73
Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)
- gut barrier - Follical-Associated Epithelium --> M cells & intraepithelial lymphocytes - Dendritic cells - Peyer's patches - Solitary lymphatic follicles - Vermiform appendix - Mesenteric lymph nodes
74
GALT Cells
- T cells - B cells - Macrophages (DC) - IEL
75
Gut Barrier Components
- Commensal Bacteria - Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) - Follicle-associated epithelium (M cells, IEL) - Dendritic Cells - IgA secretion
76
Follicle Associated Epithelium
- Epithelium covering peyer's patches, single lymphoid follicles - Membranous Epithelial Cells (M cells (antigens continuously taken up transepithelially)
77
Dual humoral immune reaction
local secretion of antibodies (IgA) | -suppression of systemic immunologic responses to ingested antigens (oral tolerance)
78
M Cells
- Presentation of enteric antigens to immune system (follicle) - No microvilli - Attach to regular absorptive cells by tight junctions - Form latticework with many intraepithelial lymphocytes - Transport antigenic material (viruses(
79
Gut Immunity: Routes of Entry
- M cells - Dendritic cells to T cells to peyers patches. - B cells to peyer's patches - Dendritic cells between cells - peyer's patches. - Mesenteric lymph nodes - paracellular leak - signaling from lumen 0 not really entry
80
Peyer's Patch
- Aggregates of lymphoid tissue - B cells - Ileum - Lamina propria to submuccosa
81
Transport od IgA into Gut lumen
- Important in defense and tolerence (immune exclusion/barrier to entry) - secreted from plasma cell - Response to stimulation by dendritic cells (antigen presentation to T cells)
82
Solitary Lymphatic Follicles
- Smaller individual follicles | - line small bowel and colon
83
Vermiform Appendix
- Blind-ended tube located at the cecum | - rich in lymphocytes
84
Mesentery Lymph nodes
- Between layers of mesentary - 100-150 lymph nodes - lymphocytes migrate here from rest of GALT - GALT stimulation can be systemic

Metabolics (4 decks)

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