Immunity exam 1 ws Flashcards
The 2 types of immune response that vary in speed and type of response are:
innate
adaptive
The response time for the innate immune system to a microbe is
short
List 2 types of lymphocytes and their function that are key components of the adaptive immune system
B cells or lymphocytes: make antibodies, humoral immunity
T cells or lymphocytes: help B cells, kill infected cells, cellular immunity
Define active immunity
Immunity that is induced by infection or vaccination
Define passive immunity
Immunity induced by receiving cells or molecules from an immune individual.
Describe the number and names of the polypeptide chains that make up an immunoglobulin IgG molecule
Heavy chains- two
Light chains- two
Define the word “epitope.”
An epitope is the portion of an antigen recognized by an antibody (or T cell).
Very often a vaccine will be given more than once to the same person. For example, a certain
hepatitis B vaccine is given to adults once and again one month later. What do you think is the
purpose of the second vaccination? What type of immune cells would be increased in number
following the booster shot?
The second vaccination is designed to increase the strength of the immune response. The
antigen stimulates memory B cells and memory T cells to proliferate so that they are increased
in number.
Diphtheria is a disease caused by the secretion of a toxin by Corynebacterium diphtheriae in
infected individuals. It had been treated in the past by administration of diphtheria anti-toxin
(DAT). DAT contains antibodies from the plasma of horses immunized against diphtheria toxin.
How would the DAT work to prevent disease in the patients?
The DAT antibodies would bind to the diphtheria toxin made by the bacteria in the infected individual. They would inactivate or remove the toxin so that it could not kill the infected person’s cells. (This is an example of passive immunity).
Name two organs of the immune system for each type: generative, peripheral
Generative: Bone marrow, thymus
Peripheral: Spleen, lymph nodes
List macrophage function and the cytokines (if any) they release in response to a virus
Macrophages engulfing the virus release INFα, TNFα, IL-1, IL-15, IL-18
What does TNFα, IL-1 do in macrophages
Increase adhesion promoting NK cells movement from blood to tissue
Move fluid from intravascular to extravascular spaces
Cause fever
What does INFalpha do in macrophages
Increases MHC class I expression
Activate NK cells
What does IL-15 do in macrophages
NK cell proliferation
T cell proliferation
What does IL-18 do in macrophages
NK cell proliferation
IFNγ synthesis
T cell proliferation
List virally infected respiratory cells function and the cytokines (if any) they release in response to a virus
Virally infected respiratory cells release IFN α & β (Type I IFN) which:
-Reduce viral replication in cells locally
-Increase MHC I expression and antigen presentation in all cells
-Activate NK cells.
List NK cells function and the cytokines (if any) they release in response to a virus
killing by apoptosis and releasing IFNγ
-Primary function is to promote activation of macrophages
-Stimulation of some antibodies
Direct Allorecognition definition
- Donor APCs migrate out of graft to lymph nodes
- Recognition or presentation of non-self MHC (I & II) on graft dendritic and tissue cells (allorecognition)
to T cells - Foreign MHC 1 on the donor dendritic cells activate CD8 cells which migrate to the organ (directly kill the cells of the transplanted organ)
- Foreign MHC 2 on the donor dendritic cells activate CD4 cells which migrate to the organ (release cytokines causing inflammation)
Indirect Allorecognition definition
- Recipient APCs enter the transplanted organ and process proteins/antigens which differ from the host
- Proteins bound to MHC II for presentation to activate CD4 cells which migrate to the organ (release cytokines causing inflammation)
- No direct MHC I activation, no CD8 activation
- Could be less vigorous or equivalent to direct allorecognition
Cell-surface receptor for antigen
recognition: B Lymphocyte
B cell receptor or antibody
Cell-surface receptor for antigen
recognition: T Lymphocyte
TCR
Names of polypeptide chains making
up the receptor: B lymphocyte
Heavy and light chains
Names of polypeptide chains making
up the receptor: T lymphocyte
alpha and beta chains
Forms of antigen recognized: B lymphocyte
Proteins, peptides,
carbohydrate, lipids,
chemicals
Forms of antigen recognized: L lymphocyte
peptides on MHC
Forms of antigen receptor secreted: B Lymphocyte
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE
Forms of antigen receptor secreted: T Lymphocyte
none
Main effector functions: B Lymphocyte
produce antibodies
Main effector functions: T Lymphocyte
helper and killer cells
When the vaccine is injected into patients intramuscularly, what are two possible innate immune cells that it encounters and is taken up by?
macrophages
dendritic cells
How does this interaction with the innate immune system lead to activation of the adaptive immune system and where does this likely occur?
Activated macrophages and dendritic cells migrate to the lymph nodes where they interact with B and T cells
How is the vaccine recognized by the adaptive cells?
T cells recognize peptides on MHC molecules. B cells recognize the proteins or peptides.
What immune components or products are produced by the adaptive cells?
B cells produce antibodies and T cells produce cytokines
