Immunity exam 1 ws

Question 1

The 2 types of immune response that vary in speed and type of response are:

Answer 1

innate
adaptive

Question 2

The response time for the innate immune system to a microbe is

Answer 2

short

Question 3

List 2 types of lymphocytes and their function that are key components of the adaptive immune system

Answer 3

B cells or lymphocytes: make antibodies, humoral immunity
T cells or lymphocytes: help B cells, kill infected cells, cellular immunity

Question 4

Define active immunity

Answer 4

Immunity that is induced by infection or vaccination

Question 5

Define passive immunity

Answer 5

Immunity induced by receiving cells or molecules from an immune individual.

Question 6

Describe the number and names of the polypeptide chains that make up an immunoglobulin IgG molecule

Answer 6

Heavy chains- two
Light chains- two

Question 7

Define the word “epitope.”

Answer 7

An epitope is the portion of an antigen recognized by an antibody (or T cell).

Question 8

Very often a vaccine will be given more than once to the same person. For example, a certain
hepatitis B vaccine is given to adults once and again one month later. What do you think is the
purpose of the second vaccination? What type of immune cells would be increased in number
following the booster shot?

Answer 8

The second vaccination is designed to increase the strength of the immune response. The
antigen stimulates memory B cells and memory T cells to proliferate so that they are increased
in number.

Question 9

Diphtheria is a disease caused by the secretion of a toxin by Corynebacterium diphtheriae in
infected individuals. It had been treated in the past by administration of diphtheria anti-toxin
(DAT). DAT contains antibodies from the plasma of horses immunized against diphtheria toxin.
How would the DAT work to prevent disease in the patients?

Answer 9

The DAT antibodies would bind to the diphtheria toxin made by the bacteria in the infected individual. They would inactivate or remove the toxin so that it could not kill the infected person’s cells. (This is an example of passive immunity).

Question 10

Name two organs of the immune system for each type: generative, peripheral

Answer 10

Generative: Bone marrow, thymus
Peripheral: Spleen, lymph nodes

Question 11

List macrophage function and the cytokines (if any) they release in response to a virus

Answer 11

Macrophages engulfing the virus release INFα, TNFα, IL-1, IL-15, IL-18

Question 12

What does TNFα, IL-1 do in macrophages

Answer 12

Increase adhesion promoting NK cells movement from blood to tissue
Move fluid from intravascular to extravascular spaces
Cause fever

Question 13

What does INFalpha do in macrophages

Answer 13

Increases MHC class I expression
Activate NK cells

Question 14

What does IL-15 do in macrophages

Answer 14

NK cell proliferation
T cell proliferation

Question 15

What does IL-18 do in macrophages

Answer 15

NK cell proliferation
IFNγ synthesis
T cell proliferation

Question 16

List virally infected respiratory cells function and the cytokines (if any) they release in response to a virus

Answer 16

Virally infected respiratory cells release IFN α & β (Type I IFN) which:
-Reduce viral replication in cells locally
-Increase MHC I expression and antigen presentation in all cells
-Activate NK cells.

Question 17

List NK cells function and the cytokines (if any) they release in response to a virus

Answer 17

killing by apoptosis and releasing IFNγ
-Primary function is to promote activation of macrophages
-Stimulation of some antibodies

Question 18

Direct Allorecognition definition

Answer 18

1. Donor APCs migrate out of graft to lymph nodes
2. Recognition or presentation of non-self MHC (I & II) on graft dendritic and tissue cells (allorecognition)
   to T cells
3. Foreign MHC 1 on the donor dendritic cells activate CD8 cells which migrate to the organ (directly kill the cells of the transplanted organ)
4. Foreign MHC 2 on the donor dendritic cells activate CD4 cells which migrate to the organ (release cytokines causing inflammation)

Question 19

Indirect Allorecognition definition

Answer 19

1. Recipient APCs enter the transplanted organ and process proteins/antigens which differ from the host
2. Proteins bound to MHC II for presentation to activate CD4 cells which migrate to the organ (release cytokines causing inflammation)
3. No direct MHC I activation, no CD8 activation
4. Could be less vigorous or equivalent to direct allorecognition

Question 20

Cell-surface receptor for antigen
recognition: B Lymphocyte

Answer 20

B cell receptor or antibody

Question 21

Cell-surface receptor for antigen
recognition: T Lymphocyte

Answer 21

TCR

Question 22

Names of polypeptide chains making
up the receptor: B lymphocyte

Answer 22

Heavy and light chains

Question 23

Names of polypeptide chains making
up the receptor: T lymphocyte

Answer 23

alpha and beta chains

Question 24

Forms of antigen recognized: B lymphocyte

Answer 24

Proteins, peptides,
carbohydrate, lipids,
chemicals

Question 25

Forms of antigen recognized: L lymphocyte

Answer 25

peptides on MHC

Question 26

Forms of antigen receptor secreted: B Lymphocyte

Answer 26

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE

Question 27

Forms of antigen receptor secreted: T Lymphocyte

Answer 27

none

Question 28

Main effector functions: B Lymphocyte

Answer 28

produce antibodies

Question 29

Main effector functions: T Lymphocyte

Answer 29

helper and killer cells

Question 30

When the vaccine is injected into patients intramuscularly, what are two possible innate immune cells that it encounters and is taken up by?

Answer 30

macrophages
dendritic cells

Question 31

How does this interaction with the innate immune system lead to activation of the adaptive immune system and where does this likely occur?

Answer 31

Activated macrophages and dendritic cells migrate to the lymph nodes where they interact with B and T cells

Question 32

How is the vaccine recognized by the adaptive cells?

Answer 32

T cells recognize peptides on MHC molecules. B cells recognize the proteins or peptides.

Question 33

What immune components or products are produced by the adaptive cells?

Answer 33

B cells produce antibodies and T cells produce cytokines