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Health and Human Biology NURS1001 > Immunity and Reproduction > Flashcards

Immunity and Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the immune responses of the body responsible for?

A
  • defence of the body against harmful substances, such as pathogenic micro-organisms
  • all elements of tissue repair
  • surveillance of body cells for abnormalities of cell division
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2
Q

what are the two types of disease resistance?

A

non-specific resistance (innate immunity)
present at birth and includes defence mechanisms that provide general protection against invasion by a wide range of pathogens

immunity (adaptive immunity)
involves activation of specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen or other foreign substance

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3
Q

what is the body system that carries out immune responses?

A

the lymphatic system

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4
Q

describe innate immunity.

A

refers to a wide variety of body responses that serve to protect us against invasion of a wide variety of pathogens and their toxins

we are born with this kind of immunity

two lines of defence:

  1. skin and mucous membranes
  2. internal defences
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5
Q

identify physical barriers and internal defences of innate immunity.

A

physical barriers:

  • skin
  • sweat
  • sebaceous glands
  • mucous membranes
  • tears and saliva
  • gastric acid
  • acidic urine
  • normal flora
internal defenses:
immune cells or substances  that treat all foreign cells in the same way 
- phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages)
- natural killer cells 
- inflammation 
- fever
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6
Q

what are neutrophils?

A

short-lived cells that phagocytose bacteria

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7
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

mostly found in lymphoid tissues - specific immune response

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8
Q

what are monocytes?

A

less abundant than neutrophils but longer lived

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9
Q

what are eosinophils?

A

attack parasitic worms, involved in allergy and asthma

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10
Q

what are basophils?

A

release histamine and heparin, involved in inflammatory response, not phagocytic

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11
Q

define inflammation.

A

inflammation is a non-specific localised tissue response to tissue damage which has occurred through injury or infection.

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12
Q

identify the four signs and symptoms of inflammation

A
  1. redness
  2. heat
  3. swelling
  4. pain
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13
Q

what are the reasons for the signs and symptoms of inflammation?

A
  • redness due to vasodilation
  • heat due to increased blood supply
  • swelling (oedema) due to increased vascular permeability and accumulation of exudate
  • pain due to increased pressure on nerve endings from swelling/oedema
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14
Q

describe adaptive/specific immunity.

A

adaptive immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents

adaptive immunity has both specificity and memory and is divided into 2 types:

  1. cell-mediated
  2. antibody-mediated
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15
Q

what are antigens?

A

substances recognised as foreign that provoke immune responses

usually a protein on the surface of any cell or surface of a virus

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16
Q

identify immune cells that recognise and remember antigens.

A

T Helper cells recognise a specific antigen which is often presented by antigen presenting cells - phagocytic cells such as macrophages

Cytotoxic T cells are stimulated by cytokines, recognise foreign antigens, kill virally infected and foreign cells

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17
Q

what is the difference in B and T cells when recognising foreign antigens?

A

B cells can and recognise and bind to antigens in lymph, interstitial fluid, or blood plasma

T cells can only recognise fragments of antigenic proteins that are processed and presented in a certain way

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18
Q

identify the B cells involved in specific immunity and their role in the process.

A

B lymphocytes become plasma cells which produce antibodies (humeral immunity - directed against specific antigens in body fluids

19
Q

identify the T cells involved in specific immunity, and their sub-types.

A

T lymphocytes - for cell-mediated immunity, directed against intracellular antigens (e.g. antigens on viruses)

sub-types:

  • T Helper - control humoral immune response of B cells, produce interleukins and promote cell multiplication
  • T Cytotoxic - effector cells of cell mediated immunity, release lethal lytic chemicals that kill cells on contact
  • T suppressor cells - damp down the immune response
20
Q

explain the timeline associated with the specific immune system’s first exposure to an antigen. discuss IgM antibodies.

A

The primary immune response follows the first exposure to an antigen. It is a slow response that takes about 2 weeks.
During this first response, small quantities of large multivalent IgM antibodies are typically produced.

21
Q

what is an IgM?

A

the largest antibody and the first to arrive on the scene after initial exposure to antigen. produced in the spleen.

22
Q

what are IgG antibodies?

A

the most common type of antibody in the circulation, created an released by plasma B cells and each has two antigen binding sites.

23
Q

how do IgG antibodies protect the body from infection?

A
  • IgG-mediated binding of pathogens causes their immobilisation and binding together via agglutination. IgG coating of pathogen surfaces allows their recognition and ingestion by phagocytic immune cells leading to the elimination of the pathogen itself
  • IgG activates the classical pathway of the complement system, a cascade of immune protein production that results in pathogen elimination
24
Q

explain the specific immune systems response a second exposure to the same antigen.

A

the secondary immune response occurs on the second and all subsequent exposures to the same antigen.

rapid and efficient, which specialised memory B and T cells becoming activated and generating large quantities of antibodies of the IgG type within 2-3 days or re-exposure.

25
Q

explain the role of plasma cells and antibodies.

A

activated B cells form clones of plasma cells which in turn produce specific antibodies.

the primary role of antibodies is to remove or inactivate the specific antigens by agglutination or clumping.

26
Q

explain anti-body mediated immunity.

A

in antibody-mediated immunity:

  • an antigen is recognised and bound
  • helper T cells co-stimulate the B cell can proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells (plasma cells) that produce one specific antibody against one specific antigen
  • the antigen is eliminated
27
Q

compare active and passive immunity.

A

active: long lasting immunity in which memory cells and antibodies are produced (naturally by infection, or by vaccination) and maintained in a latent state
passive: acquired by the transfer of antibodies from an immune person to a non-immune person (short-lived as no memory cells develop and antibodies break down with time)

28
Q

define specificity.

A

cells of the adaptive immune system see distinct “antigens” and will only respond to that antigen

29
Q

define diversity in immunity.

A

the adaptive immune system contains lots of different T and B cell clones that recognise lots of different antigens thus ensuring we can respond to all the antigens we may encounter

30
Q

define memory in immunity

A

the ability of the cells of our adaptive immune system to “remember” a pathogen. it ensures that the second response to the same pathogen is enhanced. this concept underpins the success of vaccination strategies.

31
Q

define clonal expansion.

A

cells of the adaptive immune system have the capacity to divide and become a clonal army of cells, all specific for the one antigen/pathogen. clonal expansion happens rapidly upon re-exposure to an antigen. this concept also underpins the success of vaccination strategies.

32
Q

define specialisation.

A

different cells of the adaptive immune system are optimised to combat different types of pathogens. e.g. T cells kill virally infected cells, whereas antibodies from B cells protect us from infection by eliminating viruses before they can infect a cell.

33
Q

explain contraction and homeostasis in immunity.

A

this is important when the pathogen has been contained as it allows space for the generation of new immune response to other pathogens.

34
Q

explain non-reactivity to self

A

cells of the adaptive immune system can differentiate between foreign and self. this ensures the survival of the host and prevents the development of potentially deadly autoimmune diseases.

35
Q

what are gonads?

A 
ovaries and testes.
produce gametes (oocytes and sperm)
36
Q

what do ovaries produce?

A

oestrogen, progesterone, relaxin and inhibin

37
Q

what do testes produce?

A

testosterone

38
Q

what is GnRH and what gland does it stimulate?

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

stimulates the anterior pituitary to produce FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (routinising hormone)

39
Q

what do FSH and LH stimulate?

A

the testes in males and ovaries in females

40
Q

what effect does LH have in a male?

A 
AKA interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH) in males. 
stimulates leading (interstitial) cells in the testes to secrete testosterone
41
Q

what effect does FSH have in a male?

A

FSH activates cell surrounding the seminiferous tubules (called sustentacular or Sertoli cells) in the testes to bind testosterone and stimulate spermatogenesis.

42
Q

what effect does testosterone have in males?

A
  • completes spermatogenesis
  • stimulates the formation and maintenance of male reproductive organs
  • promotes secondary sex characteristics (e.g. bigger bones and muscles, deep voice etc)
  • responsible for libido and aggression
43
Q

discuss testosterone in females

A

females produce testosterone but only in small quantities.

  • produces in ovaries and adrenal cortex
  • most testosterone in women is converted oestrogen
  • contributes to libido and production of axillary and pubic hair
44
Q

what effect does FSH have in a female?

A

stimulates follicles to develop in the ovarian cortex. each ovarian follicle consists of an oocyte (immature ovum) surrounded by cells.

Health and Human Biology NURS1001 (9 decks)

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