Immunity and Antiinfective Drugs Flashcards
What are the three substances that the immune system protects the body from
1) Pathogens
2) Foreign Antigens
3) Cancer Cells
What is Immunity
the ability to protect the host against specific infection
Active Immunity
develops in response to the exposure to antigens, develops slowly and last long time
Passive Immunity
antibodies are transferred from one host to another, offers temporary immediate protection
Natural Immunity
obtained by everyday living
Artifical Immunity
deliberate exposure by a medical professional
Biological Antimicrobial Drugs
biological substances used to prevent, treat, or cure infectious diseases
Immunizing Biologicals
toxiods or vaccines used to create active immunity
Antitoxins
purified serum obtained from horses inoculated with the toxin, isolating specific antibodies to help fight off an infection
Antivenins
purified serum obtained from animals that have been injected with a particluar venom to fight off the effects of the venom
Immunoglobulins
substances produced by the immune system to fight infections and harvested from a large pool of blood donors
What are the four acquired immunities
1) Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
2) Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
3) Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
4) Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
Toxiod
altered exotoxins that normally are secreted by bacteria that produce artificial immunity to the toxin
ex: tetanus
Vaccine
forms of organisms that produce artificial immunity
Live Attenuated Vaccine
weakened live antigens are injected, boosters are required less often
Antibody Titer
a test to determine the amount of antibody in the body
Febrile Illness
a fever
Thimersosal
a preservative containing mercury for multidose vials
Ex: DPT, childhood influenza
Herd Immunity
the entire population is protected if 95% of the population is vaccinated
What are the two types of Vaccines
1) Attenuated Live Vaccine
2) Killed Vaccine
What are three contraindications to immunization
1) Allergic Reactions
2) Fever (Febrile Illness)
3) Compromised Immune System
What are four compromised Immune System
1) Cancer Chemotherapy
2) Immunosuppressive Therapy
3) Immunosuppressive Disease
4) High-Dose Systemic Steroid Use
The reasoning behing the National Vaccine Injury Compenation Program
No fault alternative to law suits against vaccine manufactures. Lawsuits might put them out of business or they might avoid products vaccines
Four reasons for noncompliance to the childhood immunization schedule
1) complicated schedule
2) no transportation
3) lack of knowledge
4) child is ill
5) lack of finances
6) religious beliefs
Immunosuppressives
drugs that will prevent, slow down, or inactivate the immune response to avoid detrimental effects
Autoimmune Disease
an inappropriate immune function where the system attacks the body
Ex; RHEUMATOID Arthritis
Hypersensity Reaction
An inappropriate immunce function where the system over reacts to allergens
Monoclonal Antibodies
specific antibodies produced from a culture of identical cells
Three indications of Immunosuppressives
1) Transplant Rejection
2) Autoimmune Disease
3) Hypersensitivity Reaction
Specific type of cell is affected by Immunosuppressives
T-cells: suppress certain T-lyphocyte cells
Four types of Immunosuppressives Drugs
1) Fungal Derivatives
2) Monoclonal Antibodies
3) TNF Antagonist
4) Corticosteroids
What is the three ending or the five letter ending for Monoclonal Antibodies medication
MAB or MONAB
Immunoglobulins
Also known as Gamma Globulin or IgG
Concentrated antiboies given to patients to help fight an infection. Prevents the virus from penetrating the host cell.
Antiretroviral Drug
Treats HIV
Reverse Transcription Inhibitor
Blocks the virus from making DNA from RNA
Protease Inhibitor
prevents breakup of the long chain of viral proteins into individual pieces
Fusion
the process of a virus attacking the host cell
Two reasons why viruses are hard to treat
1) viruses are found in living cells
2) time delay between infection and symptioms allows the virus to replicate millions of times
Infection
Invasion and mutiplacation of microorgaism in the body tissue
Empiric Therapy
types of therapy where the antibiotic that is selected is based on which microorganism is likely to be causative agent
Prophylactic Therapy
Preventing an infection by giving an antibiotic prior to a procedure
Therapeutic Response
A decrease in specific signs and symptoms. Antibiotics still have to be taken after signs and symptoms dissappear
Subtherapeutic Response
signs and symptoms do NOT dissappear with antibiotics
SuperInfection
an infectionthat occurs during antimicrobial treatment for another infection, resulting in an overgrowth of a non-susceptible organism
Bacteriostatic
“STAYS AS IS” : Inhibits growth of bacteria
Bactericidal
Kills the bacteria “Killing of Humans”
Risk factors for infection
Advanced Age
Diseases that suppress the immune system Ex: AIDS, Lupus
Impaired blood supply Ex: Diabetes
List five signs and symptoms of a bacterial infection
1) Fever
2) Chills
3) Sweats
4) Redness
5) Pain
6) Swelling
7) Puss formation
8) Swollen lymph nodes
Reasons for a sub-therapeutic Response
1) Wrong Antibiotic
2) Not a high enough dose
3) Not a long enough course of the antibiotic
4) Bacterial Resistance
The symptoms of Anaphylaxis
Usually sudden
Difficulty breathing
Hypotension
Laryigeal Edma
Two Factors that causes Antibiotic Resistance
1) The development of a strain of bacteria that adapts to the antibiotic
2) Is No longer affected by the antibiotics
The seven major Antibiotics
1) Beta-Lactam Antibiotics-Pencillians, Cephalosporns, Carbapeness, Monobatams
2) Macrolids
3) Tetracyclines
4) Aminoglyocsides
5) Fluoroquinolones
6) Vancomycin
7) Sulfonamides
The synonym for sulfonamides and Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolones = Quinolones Sulfonamides = Sulfa Drugs
The ending of the names for penicillian, tetracyclines, macrolides, and fluoroquinolones
Pencillians= "cillians" Tetracyclines = " cycline" Macrolides = "romycin" Fluoroquinolones = "floxacin"
Antibiotics
Drugs used to control bacterial infections
Group into two
1) Narrow Spectrum = Gram positive bacteria
2) Broad Spectrum = Both gram positive and negative bacteria
Redman’s Syndrome
An adverse reaction to vancomycin especially if it is infused quickly
Is tuberculosis is an aerobic or anaerobic bacteria
TB is primary Aerobic Bacteria
Primary infects the lungs
List of tuberculosis susceptible people
Homeless people, malnourished, drug abusers, jail inmates, Unsanitary facilities
HIV and AIDS infected and cancer patients
Why alcohol is NOT allowed during treatment of TB
Both the alcohol and the TB medication would metabolized together and would be hard on the liver
The synonym of fungal infections, yeast infections, and oral candidiasis
Fungal= Mycosis Yeast = Candidiasis Oral = Thrush
The Ending of the names for AZOLE antifungal Drugs
ALL End in AZOLE
The administration directions for Nystatin (Mycostatin) as it treats oral candidiasis (Thrush)
Swish the medication in the mouth an then swallow
Gargle the throat if possible for the infection
The advantages and disadvantages of using a lipid preparation of amphotericin rather than ordinary amphotericin.
Less toxicity
IV (Parental form only)
Much higher cost
Much higher dosage Compared to Amphotericin B
A list of protozoal infections
1) Amoebiasis
2) Giardia
3) Toxoplasmosis
4) Trichomoniasis
5) Malaria
The ending of the names for the antimalarial drugs
usually end in “QUINE”
The synonym of helminthic infections
HELMINTHIASIS
Immunity developed in response to immunization best describes this type of immunity:
Active Acquired
Attenuated virus vaccines contain:
Live, weakened microorganisms
A 5 yr old child is receiving chemotherapy. The mother is concerned that the child has not completed the required immunizations for school. The nurse’s vest response would be:
“This is not the best time to finish the immunizations because your child’s immune system is suppressed.”
When discussing immunity with a client who has returned from living in a foreign country for 10 year, the nurse recalls that active immunity occurs when:
Protein substances are formed by the body to destroy or neutralize antigens
A patient is in the urgent care center after stepping on a rusty nail. The nurse evaluates the patient’s immunity status and knows that a tetanus booster is necessary if which of the following is true?
It has been 10 years since his last booster shot.
The nurse would expect to find an improement in which of the blood values as a result of antiretroviral treatment
CD4 + T cell levels
Which intervention is important of the nurse to perform before beginning antibiotic therapy?
Obtain a specimen for culture and sensititvity
A patient is scheduled for colorectal surgery tomorrow. He does not have sepsis, his WBC count is normal, he has no fever, and he is otherwise in good health. However, the nurse notes that there are orders to administer an antibiotic on call before he goes to surgery. What is the rationale for this antibiotic order?
To provide prophylactic therapy
A drug interaction occurs between penicillins and which of the following?
Oral contraceptives and Warfarin
The nurse would determine that the teaching about the side effects of tetracycline understood when the client says that the medication could cause:
Photosensitivity
The nurse will instruct a patient who is taking a tetracycline antibiotic to….
Take it with 8 oz. of water
When patients are receiving aminoglycosides, the nurse monitor for tinnitus, which may indicate which of the following:
Ototoxicity
Screening for hearing loss should be plan for the child who is recieving:
Gentamicin
When asked about drug allergies, a patient says, “I can’t take sulfa drugs because I’m allergic to them. Which question should the nurse ask next?”
What happened when you took the sulfa drug
Why are multiple medications used in drug regimen for tuberculosis?
It reduces the possibility of the organism’s becoming drug-resistant
Antimalarial drugs are used to treat patients with infections caused by which genus and species of protozoa?
Plasmodium spp.
