Immunity Flashcards
What are the components of blood?
Plasma -water -solutes -proteins Formed elements -erythrocytes -leukocytes -thrombocytes
What is the primary plasma protein?
Albumin
How do plasma proteins influence fluid volume?
Oncotic pressure (osmotic, colloid) -keeps fluid intravascular
What is the expected Albumin value?
> 2.5g/dL
Where is Albumin made?
Liver
What causes low Albumin?
Liver disease
malnutrition
Name 2 other plasma proteins besides Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
What is the function of alpha and beta globulins?
Transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins
What is the function of gamma globulins?
Function as antibodies in the immune response
What is the role of fibrinogen?
Plays a role in clotting
Why are erythrocytes red?
Iron content
What is the function of the iron content on RBC?
Binds oxygen
What is the function of the globin protein on the RBC?
Carries the iron
RBC development (generally)
Stem cell
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
What is a reticulocyte?
An immature RBC that still has an endoplasmic reticulum and a nucleus
What is the lifespan of a RBC?
120 days
What is polycythemia?
Increased RBC count
She said Hgb
Why does chronic lung disease result in polycythemia?
Chronic hypoxia stimulates the release of erythropoietin from the kidneys which stimulates RBC production
Why does renal dysfunction cause anemia?
Inadequate erythropoietin release from the kidneys
Where are RBCs destroyed?
Spleen
Liver
She says bone marrow
What type of Hgb is normal in adults?
Type A
What type of Hgb is normal in the fetus?
Type F
What way is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifted with Hgb F?
Left
-higher affinity for oxygen
What type of Hgb is present in sickle cell disease?
Type S
Which way is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifted with Hgb type S?
Right
-decreased affinity for oxygen
Which way do most hemoglobin abnormalities shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?
Right
What happens to sickle cell patients when exposed to low oxygen concentration?
This triggers sickeling of the RBC (elongation)
How can leukocytes move?
Ameboid movements from the intravascular space into tissues
What about leukocytes can cause cancellation of a case?
Leukocytosis
-elevated WBC, can signify infection
Leukemia
-large number of immature leukocytes
Name the 3 granular leukocytes
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophils
Name the 2 agranular leukocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
What is the main function of neutrophils?
First to respond to infection
Phagocytosis
What is the main function of eosinophils?
Allergy
Asthma
What is the main function of basophils?
Histamine and Heparin
What other cells besides Basophils contain histamine and heparin?
Mast cells
-in the tissues
What is the main function of monocytes?
Follow Neutrophils
Phagocytosis
What is the main function of lymphocytes?
Immunity
Name 3 substances lymphocytes interact with?
Cytokines
Chemkines
Complement
Name 3 types of lymphocytes
Natural Killer CellS
B cells
T cells
What are Natural Killer Cells?
Nonspecific cytotoxic lymphocytes
What lymphocytes are specific?
T cells and B cells
What type of protection do T lymphocytes carry?
Long term protection against viruses, bacteria and cancer
What type of immunity are B lymphocytes associated with?
Humoral Immunity
- interglobulins produce antibodies in response to antigens
What type of B lymphocytes provide long term response?
Memory B cells
What is innate immunity?
Natural and nonspecific
-skin oils
-
What is acquired immunity?
Protein Specific
-acquired by infection or immunization
What cells are associated with innate immunity?
Granulocytes Monocytes Macrophages Dendric cells Cytokines Complement system
What cells are associated with acquired immunity?
Cellular -T lymphocytes -Natural Killer cells Humoral -gamma globulins -B lymphocytes
What are macrophages?
Monocytes that have moved into the tissue and get bigger in size
Phagocytes
Hypersensitivity is when an antigen….
Become an allergen
Hypersensitivity following initial exposure causes what cellular response?
T cells trigger B cells to produce antigen specific IgE antibodies that bind to IgE receptors on mast cells and basophils
What is the most profound hypersensitivity (globulin)?
IgE
What WBCs are involved in autoimmunity?
Some B and T cells
What happens when the body creates B and T cells that are active against the body’s own proteins and tissues?
Normally, nothing.
When recognition fails, this is when autoimmune disease develops
What is the first WBC to arrive?
Second?
Neutrophil
Monocyte
What cytotoxic lymphocytes respond to destroy cells infected with invading microorganisms?
natural killer cells
Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and complement are all a part of?
Innate immunity
What cells are responsible for responding to repeat exposure? (Antigen specific antibodies)
B lymphocytes
If the invading microorganism is a virus known to be associated with the development of cancer, what cell offers protection?
T cells
B and T lymphocytes are part of what type of immunity?
Acquired
Which WBC is associated with impending asthma attack?
Eosinophil
What are basophils known for?
Heparin
Histamine
Which immunoglobulin is associated with allergy?
IgE
Failure to destroy self reactive lymphocytes causes?
Autoimmune disease
Are immune deficiencies inherited or acquired?
Both.
Acquired is more common
-malnutrition
What type of virus is HIV?
What is the most common form?
What is the important lab value that diagnoses AIDS?
Retrovirus
HIV-1 group M
T cells <200
The humoral immune response is mediated by?
B lymphocyte antibodies
The cell mediated response is produced by?
T lymphocytes
Phagocytes
Cytokines
Major cellular component of the innate system?
Granulocytes Monocytes Macrophages Dendric cells Cytokines Complement system
What is the main function of the complement system?
Mark pathogens for permanent destruction and recruit other immune cells to destroy pathogens
What is the major function of B cells?
Production of antibodies
