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CV Test 2 > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of blood?

A 
Plasma
-water
-solutes
-proteins
Formed elements
-erythrocytes
-leukocytes
-thrombocytes
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2
Q

What is the primary plasma protein?

A

Albumin

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3
Q

How do plasma proteins influence fluid volume?

A 
Oncotic pressure (osmotic, colloid)
-keeps fluid intravascular
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4
Q

What is the expected Albumin value?

A

> 2.5g/dL

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5
Q

Where is Albumin made?

A

Liver

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6
Q

What causes low Albumin?

A

Liver disease

malnutrition

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7
Q

Name 2 other plasma proteins besides Albumin

A

Globulins

Fibrinogen

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8
Q

What is the function of alpha and beta globulins?

A

Transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins

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9
Q

What is the function of gamma globulins?

A

Function as antibodies in the immune response

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10
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen?

A

Plays a role in clotting

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11
Q

Why are erythrocytes red?

A

Iron content

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12
Q

What is the function of the iron content on RBC?

A

Binds oxygen

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13
Q

What is the function of the globin protein on the RBC?

A

Carries the iron

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14
Q

RBC development (generally)

A

Stem cell
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte

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15
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

An immature RBC that still has an endoplasmic reticulum and a nucleus

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16
Q

What is the lifespan of a RBC?

A

120 days

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17
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Increased RBC count

She said Hgb

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18
Q

Why does chronic lung disease result in polycythemia?

A

Chronic hypoxia stimulates the release of erythropoietin from the kidneys which stimulates RBC production

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19
Q

Why does renal dysfunction cause anemia?

A

Inadequate erythropoietin release from the kidneys

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20
Q

Where are RBCs destroyed?

A

Spleen
Liver
She says bone marrow

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21
Q

What type of Hgb is normal in adults?

A

Type A

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22
Q

What type of Hgb is normal in the fetus?

A

Type F

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23
Q

What way is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifted with Hgb F?

A

Left

-higher affinity for oxygen

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24
Q

What type of Hgb is present in sickle cell disease?

A

Type S

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25
Q

Which way is the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shifted with Hgb type S?

A

Right

-decreased affinity for oxygen

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26
Q

Which way do most hemoglobin abnormalities shift the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

Right

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27
Q

What happens to sickle cell patients when exposed to low oxygen concentration?

A

This triggers sickeling of the RBC (elongation)

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28
Q

How can leukocytes move?

A

Ameboid movements from the intravascular space into tissues

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29
Q

What about leukocytes can cause cancellation of a case?

A

Leukocytosis
-elevated WBC, can signify infection
Leukemia
-large number of immature leukocytes

30
Q

Name the 3 granular leukocytes

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophils

31
Q

Name the 2 agranular leukocytes

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

32
Q

What is the main function of neutrophils?

A

First to respond to infection

Phagocytosis

33
Q

What is the main function of eosinophils?

A

Allergy

Asthma

34
Q

What is the main function of basophils?

A

Histamine and Heparin

35
Q

What other cells besides Basophils contain histamine and heparin?

A

Mast cells

-in the tissues

36
Q

What is the main function of monocytes?

A

Follow Neutrophils

Phagocytosis

37
Q

What is the main function of lymphocytes?

A

Immunity

38
Q

Name 3 substances lymphocytes interact with?

A

Cytokines
Chemkines
Complement

39
Q

Name 3 types of lymphocytes

A

Natural Killer CellS
B cells
T cells

40
Q

What are Natural Killer Cells?

A

Nonspecific cytotoxic lymphocytes

41
Q

What lymphocytes are specific?

A

T cells and B cells

42
Q

What type of protection do T lymphocytes carry?

A

Long term protection against viruses, bacteria and cancer

43
Q

What type of immunity are B lymphocytes associated with?

A

Humoral Immunity

- interglobulins produce antibodies in response to antigens

44
Q

What type of B lymphocytes provide long term response?

A

Memory B cells

45
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Natural and nonspecific
-skin oils
-

46
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

Protein Specific

-acquired by infection or immunization

47
Q

What cells are associated with innate immunity?

A 
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Macrophages
Dendric cells
Cytokines
Complement system
48
Q

What cells are associated with acquired immunity?

A 
Cellular
-T lymphocytes
-Natural Killer cells
Humoral
-gamma globulins
-B lymphocytes
49
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Monocytes that have moved into the tissue and get bigger in size
Phagocytes

50
Q

Hypersensitivity is when an antigen….

A

Become an allergen

51
Q

Hypersensitivity following initial exposure causes what cellular response?

A

T cells trigger B cells to produce antigen specific IgE antibodies that bind to IgE receptors on mast cells and basophils

52
Q

What is the most profound hypersensitivity (globulin)?

A

IgE

53
Q

What WBCs are involved in autoimmunity?

A

Some B and T cells

54
Q

What happens when the body creates B and T cells that are active against the body’s own proteins and tissues?

A

Normally, nothing.

When recognition fails, this is when autoimmune disease develops

55
Q

What is the first WBC to arrive?

Second?

A

Neutrophil

Monocyte

56
Q

What cytotoxic lymphocytes respond to destroy cells infected with invading microorganisms?

A

natural killer cells

57
Q

Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and complement are all a part of?

A

Innate immunity

58
Q

What cells are responsible for responding to repeat exposure? (Antigen specific antibodies)

A

B lymphocytes

59
Q

If the invading microorganism is a virus known to be associated with the development of cancer, what cell offers protection?

A

T cells

60
Q

B and T lymphocytes are part of what type of immunity?

A

Acquired

61
Q

Which WBC is associated with impending asthma attack?

A

Eosinophil

62
Q

What are basophils known for?

A

Heparin

Histamine

63
Q

Which immunoglobulin is associated with allergy?

A

IgE

64
Q

Failure to destroy self reactive lymphocytes causes?

A

Autoimmune disease

65
Q

Are immune deficiencies inherited or acquired?

A

Both.
Acquired is more common
-malnutrition

66
Q

What type of virus is HIV?
What is the most common form?
What is the important lab value that diagnoses AIDS?

A

Retrovirus
HIV-1 group M
T cells <200

67
Q

The humoral immune response is mediated by?

A

B lymphocyte antibodies

68
Q

The cell mediated response is produced by?

A

T lymphocytes
Phagocytes
Cytokines

69
Q

Major cellular component of the innate system?

A 
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Macrophages
Dendric cells
Cytokines
Complement system
70
Q

What is the main function of the complement system?

A

Mark pathogens for permanent destruction and recruit other immune cells to destroy pathogens

71
Q

What is the major function of B cells?

A

Production of antibodies

CV Test 2 (3 decks)

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