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Blood > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

First line of defence from infection

Limited specificity

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2
Q

Does innate immunity change over time or after exposure?

A

No

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3
Q

Is innate immunity different in individuals of the same species?

A

No it is exactly the same in all individuals of the same species

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4
Q

Does innate immunity have an immunological memory?

A

No

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5
Q

Is the innate immune system only in operation when infection occurs?

A

No it is present in all individuals all the time

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6
Q

What does our adaptive immune response respond to?

A

Specific non-self antigens

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7
Q

What is required by the adaptive immune response for a fully effective response?

A

Prior exposure

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8
Q

How long after infection will the adaptive immune response start working?

A

4-5 days

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9
Q

Does the adaptive immune response have an immunological memory?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What physical barriers does innate immunity provide?

A

Keratinised epithelium

Mucosal tissues - trap pathogens and cilia waft into airways to breathe out

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11
Q

What chemical barriers does innate immunity provide?

A

Extremes of localised pH - change in pH kills bacteria
Biochemicals in tears and saliva
Increase body temperature during infection to kill bacteria

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12
Q

Is phagocytosis an innate or adaptive immune response?

A

Innate

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13
Q

What cells carry out phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils

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14
Q

What common feature do all phagocytic cells have?

A

Granulated cytoplasm

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15
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Move around in the blood and become macrophages when activated in the tissue

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16
Q

Why is simple phagocytosis not enough for some bacteria?

A

Sometimes they are not recognised as foreign because of the polysaccharide capsule on the bacteria

17
Q

How does phagocytosis combined the innate and adaptive immune systems?

A

Sometimes bacteria aren’t recognised because of the polysaccharide capsule so they are coated in antibodies (opsonised) so they can be phagocytosed.
Antibodies are a product of the adaptive immune system

18
Q

What does the complement system do when it is activated?

A

Recruits inflammatory cells
Opsonisation of pathogens
Perforate pathogen cell membrane

19
Q

What cell type mediated adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphocytes

20
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

Molecular immunity from antibodies from B-lymphocytes

21
Q

What is cellular immunity?

A

Uses activate T lymphocytes to help B cell differentiation and kill pathogens

22
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

Antigen presenting cells and present them to T-cells

23
Q

What is the function of mast cells?

A

Filled with basophil granules - releases histamine and causes inflammatory response

24
Q

How can lymphocytes be identified?

A

Very large nucleus

25
Q

How can plasma cells be identified?

A

Excentric nucleus

Lots of RER - so lots of proteins can be made

26
Q

How do antibodies work to kill bacteria?

A

Opsonisation
Agglutination –> can swallow and kill in stomach acid
Neutralisation –> neutralise toxins
Activate complement system

27
Q

What is a monoclonal antibody?

A

Manufactured in lab to be highly specific to 1 antigen

28
Q

Why is antigen presenting a key step in adaptive immunity?

A

It starts the cycle
Antigen presenting activates the T-cells
They differentiate into T-killer cells which kill pathogen
T-helper cells stimulate differentiation of B-cells into plasma or memory cells
Plasma cells secrete antibodies

29
Q

Why is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene highly polymorphic?

A

To provide the population with a variety of ways to handle infection so more are likely to survive

30
Q

What gene is sequenced when matching a donor for a transplant?

A

MHC

31
Q

What is the difference between the primary and secondary immune response?

A

secondary antibody production is quicker, more substantial and better quality

32
Q

Why does inflammation occur?

A

To move neutrophils to the site of infection

33
Q

How are degraded neutrophils removed?

A

Macrophages

34
Q

What is a consequence of chronic inflammation in teeth?

A

Too many neutrophils for too long, degrade collagen this leads to periodontitis

35
Q

What are the pillars of inflammation?

A

Pain, redness, heat, swelling and loss of function

Blood (7 decks)

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