Immunity

Question 1

What is innate immunity?

Answer 1

First line of defence from infection

Limited specificity

Question 2

Does innate immunity change over time or after exposure?

Answer 2

No

Question 3

Is innate immunity different in individuals of the same species?

Answer 3

No it is exactly the same in all individuals of the same species

Question 4

Does innate immunity have an immunological memory?

Answer 4

No

Question 5

Is the innate immune system only in operation when infection occurs?

Answer 5

No it is present in all individuals all the time

Question 6

What does our adaptive immune response respond to?

Answer 6

Specific non-self antigens

Question 7

What is required by the adaptive immune response for a fully effective response?

Answer 7

Prior exposure

Question 8

How long after infection will the adaptive immune response start working?

Answer 8

4-5 days

Question 9

Does the adaptive immune response have an immunological memory?

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

What physical barriers does innate immunity provide?

Answer 10

Keratinised epithelium

Mucosal tissues - trap pathogens and cilia waft into airways to breathe out

Question 11

What chemical barriers does innate immunity provide?

Answer 11

Extremes of localised pH - change in pH kills bacteria
Biochemicals in tears and saliva
Increase body temperature during infection to kill bacteria

Question 12

Is phagocytosis an innate or adaptive immune response?

Answer 12

Innate

Question 13

What cells carry out phagocytosis?

Answer 13

Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils

Question 14

What common feature do all phagocytic cells have?

Answer 14

Granulated cytoplasm

Question 15

What is the function of monocytes?

Answer 15

Move around in the blood and become macrophages when activated in the tissue

Question 16

Why is simple phagocytosis not enough for some bacteria?

Answer 16

Sometimes they are not recognised as foreign because of the polysaccharide capsule on the bacteria

Question 17

How does phagocytosis combined the innate and adaptive immune systems?

Answer 17

Sometimes bacteria aren’t recognised because of the polysaccharide capsule so they are coated in antibodies (opsonised) so they can be phagocytosed.
Antibodies are a product of the adaptive immune system

Question 18

What does the complement system do when it is activated?

Answer 18

Recruits inflammatory cells
Opsonisation of pathogens
Perforate pathogen cell membrane

Question 19

What cell type mediated adaptive immunity?

Answer 19

Lymphocytes

Question 20

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 20

Molecular immunity from antibodies from B-lymphocytes

Question 21

What is cellular immunity?

Answer 21

Uses activate T lymphocytes to help B cell differentiation and kill pathogens

Question 22

What is the function of dendritic cells?

Answer 22

Antigen presenting cells and present them to T-cells

Question 23

What is the function of mast cells?

Answer 23

Filled with basophil granules - releases histamine and causes inflammatory response

Question 24

How can lymphocytes be identified?

Answer 24

Very large nucleus

Question 25

How can plasma cells be identified?

Answer 25

Excentric nucleus | Lots of RER - so lots of proteins can be made

Question 26

How do antibodies work to kill bacteria?

Answer 26

Opsonisation Agglutination --> can swallow and kill in stomach acid Neutralisation --> neutralise toxins Activate complement system

Question 27

What is a monoclonal antibody?

Answer 27

Manufactured in lab to be highly specific to 1 antigen

Question 28

Why is antigen presenting a key step in adaptive immunity?

Answer 28

It starts the cycle Antigen presenting activates the T-cells They differentiate into T-killer cells which kill pathogen T-helper cells stimulate differentiation of B-cells into plasma or memory cells Plasma cells secrete antibodies

Question 29

Why is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene highly polymorphic?

Answer 29

To provide the population with a variety of ways to handle infection so more are likely to survive

Question 30

What gene is sequenced when matching a donor for a transplant?

Answer 30

MHC

Question 31

What is the difference between the primary and secondary immune response?

Answer 31

secondary antibody production is quicker, more substantial and better quality

Question 32

Why does inflammation occur?

Answer 32

To move neutrophils to the site of infection

Question 33

How are degraded neutrophils removed?

Answer 33

Macrophages

Question 34

What is a consequence of chronic inflammation in teeth?

Answer 34

Too many neutrophils for too long, degrade collagen this leads to periodontitis

Question 35

What are the pillars of inflammation?

Answer 35

Pain, redness, heat, swelling and loss of function