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Microbiology and Immunology > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a microbiome?

A
  • Commensal organisms that cause no harm

- Normal flora

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2
Q

What does dysbiosis/imbalance lead to in microbiome?

A

Inflammation, metabolic disruption (T2D), neurological impacts

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3
Q

What type of immunity is physical, chemical and cellular?

A

Innate immunity

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4
Q

What are the reaction time/specificity of innate vs adaptive immunity?

A

Innate: FAST (skin, always there, bounces off), NONSPECIFIC

Adaptive: SLOW (lymphocytes), SPECIFIC

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5
Q

What genes enable adaptive immunity? What type of animals is adaptive found in?

A

Genes: Recombination Activating Gene (RAG)

Found in JAWED vertebrates

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6
Q

What is the response to repeated infection in innate/adaptive immunity?

A

Innate: SAME each time

Adaptive: FASTER each time

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7
Q

What are the 5 components of the innate immunity?

A 
Epithelial cells
Phagocytes
Dendritic
Natural killer cells
Complement
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8
Q

What are the 3 components of adaptive immunity?

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Antibodies (proteins)

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9
Q

How does the immune system distinguish friend vs foe?

A
  • Doesn’t
  • Self or non-self

RECOGNIZES MOLECULES, not the whole pathogen

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10
Q

In microbial non-self molecules of the innate, what is it produced by and is it essential for survival? What two patterns are associated?

A
  • Produced by MICROBES, not the host (product of their metabolic pathways)
  • Essential for survival
  • PAMPS and DAMPS
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11
Q

What are the 3 receptors that PRR use to recognize PAMP?

A
  • Intracellular dsRNA
  • TLR on macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells
  • Secreted by macrophages/epithelial cells
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12
Q

What type is a TLR of a PRR?

A

Type 1 transmembrane on surface

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13
Q

What molecules produce DAMPS?

A

Produced by stressed cells undergoing necrosis

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14
Q

In the innate immune system, how are ‘missing self’ recognized? What are they important in the activation of?

A
  • MHC structures that are expressed only on normal and uninfected cells of host
  • Important for NK cells
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15
Q

What stops the immune system from reacting to self molecules? What is their “ID”?

A

Tolerance suppresses

Host cells have MHC ID

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16
Q

What are considered “humoral” in adaptive immunity?

A

B lymphocytes

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17
Q

What are considered “cell mediated” in adaptive immunity?

A

T lymphocytes

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18
Q

What do cytotoxic (Tc or CTL) do in adaptive immunity? What about T helper cells?

A

Cytotoxic lyse the infected

T helper cells direct the behavior of CTL and B cells

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19
Q

What is Humoral immunity? Can it be transferred?

A

Involving antibodies (Aka gamma globulins), can be passive protective and cross placenta

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20
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Part of humoral immunity, acquired after infection/vaccination

LONG LIVED

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21
Q

What are the mediators that coordinate response from innate/adaptive branches? How do they work?

What is the subset and what does it do?

A

T-B cells known as CYTOKINES
-Soluble, binds to receptors

-Subset-> chemokine w/ chemotactic activity for recruiting to infection

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22
Q

What causes the transition from innate to adaptive? What organ participates in this transition?

A

Chemokine recruitment of antigen-specific lymphocytes

Lymph nodes

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23
Q

What is the pathway for the site of infection?

A
  1. Endothelium expression adhesion + produce chemokines
  2. Immune cells (IC) are activated, conc. gradient attracts w/ increased affinity of integral)
  3. Margination: IC adhere to ETC by adhesion (interns), BIND TO ICAM
  4. Extravasation: ICAM used for traction -> leukocyte pushes to surrounding tissue
  5. Inflammation
24
Q

What are the adhesion types of cells?

A

Selection, interns, ICAM (intracellular adhesion molecules)

25
Q

How do lymphoid cells response to foreign substances (innate + adaptive)

A

Innate- phagocytic uses PRR to bind to PAMPS

Specific - B and T cells generate BCR + TCR

26
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

B/T cells react w/ antigen -> proliferation

27
Q

What is memory? What immunity is it found within? What happens after repeated exposure?

A

-Hallmark of ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY (NOT innate)

  • Primary exposure -> 1st exposure to antigen
  • Secondary exposure -> same antigen 2nd time

STRONGER, BETTER, FASTER

28
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

Overly active immune system

-Allergies/asthma

29
Q

What are autoimmune dysfunctions in the immune system?

A

Misdirected immune response

-MS/Crohns

30
Q

What is immunodeficiency? What can it lead to?

A

Loss of immune function

Primary- genetic
Secondary- acquired

Opportunistic infections (thrush)

31
Q

Why is transplanted tissue rejected?

A

Not foe, foreign

32
Q

How is cancer involved in immunity?

A

We WANT target against self-cells, but tolerated instead

33
Q

How is immune defense populated?

A

Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) + Progenitor cells

Hemotopoiesis -> HSC differentiate into WBC/RBC in bone marrow -> directed to PROGENITOR-> common myeloid/common lymphoid

34
Q

What are the 4 types of cells from common myeloid progenitors?

A
  • Erythrocytes (RBC)
  • Megakaryocytes
  • mono/macrophages
  • Dendritic cells
  • Granulocytes
35
Q

What are monocytes/macrophages?

A

Phagocytic w/ Fc receptors
-Produces digestive enzymes + antimicrobial peptides (defense’s + cathe)

Present antigens to T cells via MHC

36
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Capture microbes to displace to lymphocytes and then present to T cells to stimulate proliferation of lymphocytes
*DC most potent

37
Q

What are the two types of dendritic cells and what do they respond to? What are their functions?

A

Conventional dendritic cells

  • Majority
  • Activated by microbes
  • present to T cells

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

  • Activated by viral infections
  • Produce soluble protein (Type 1 Interferons)
38
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

Granules

  • Highest % of WBC
  • Phagocytic + produce digestive enzymes + free radicals
39
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

Granules
Vasodilation, basophil degrandulation
-Produce cytokines
ANTIVIRAL + PARASITES

40
Q

What are basophils/mast cells?

A 
gRanules 
FC receptors 
HISTAMINE - vasodilation
Heparin - increase BF
Leukotrienes - regulate inflammation
PRODUCE CYTOKINES
ALLERGIES
41
Q

What are B lymphocytes?

A

Express BCR for antigens, present for SECONDARY response
Produce antibodies
Humoral immunity + memory

42
Q

What are T lymphocytes?

A

Cell mediated immunity
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

T helper cells (regulate immune response) (Th1,Th2, Th17, TFH)

T regulatory cells (Treg)

43
Q

What are NK T cells?

A

Heterogeneous T cells that share properties w/ T cells and NK cells

-NK surface molecules
Binds foreign + self lipids + glyoclipids

*Produce large quantities of cytokines and activate NK cells

44
Q

What are NK cells?

A
  • No antigen-specific receptors
  • Fc receptor for IgG
  • Bring NK into contact w/ target cells
  • Absence of MHC 1, inhibition turned off, activation staying on
  • Release granules to kill infected cells
  • Called ADCC (antibody-dependent cell)

Normal cells expressing MHC are not killed by NK

45
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs? Secondary?

A

Primary- where immune cells develop

Secondary- where Immune response initiated

46
Q

Where are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Begins yolk sac, populate bone marrow post natal

47
Q

Where are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph, spleen, MALT

Where lymphocytes encounter antigen - > clonal expansion -> differentiate

48
Q

Where do B lymphocytes develop?

A

In contact w/ stroma bone marrow

49
Q

Where do T lymphocytes develop?

A

In contact w/ stroll of thymus

Initial BM -> migrate to thymus

50
Q

What microenvironment are are B/T cells found within the lymph node?

A

B-> cortex

T-> paracortex

51
Q

Where are macrophages + dendritic cells found in lymph nodes?

A

Innermost lymph node medulla

52
Q

How do antigens and naive lymphocytes enter lymph node?

A

Antigens-> afferent vessel

Naive lymphocytes -> high endothelial venule

53
Q

Where do B cells undergo clonal expansion in lymph node?

A

Geminal centeres

54
Q

What happens within germinal centers?

A

Differentiation into effector cells in 2nd lymphoid organs

  • B cell development
  • B + T lymphocytes will develop into long-lived memory cells
55
Q

What is the spleen?

A

The first line of defense against blood borne pathogens

RBC compartmentalized by red pulp

WBC segregated in white pulp

Specialized macrophages + B cells in marginal zone border called white pulp

56
Q

What is Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue?

A

Defense at mucus and epi layers

Follicles + lymphoid for gut (GALT)

Microbiology and Immunology (3 decks)

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