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BIOL-L 112 Exam 3 > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Immunology

A

Study of how the body responds to and resists foreign pathogens and other foreign substances

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2
Q

What is Smallpox caused by?

A

Variola Major

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3
Q

Smallpox is Ltin for

A

Spotted, refers to rash

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4
Q

Survivors of Smallpox are

A

Severerly scarred

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5
Q

Characteristics of Smallpox are

A

Ulcerations of cornea cause blindness

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6
Q

How is smallpox spread?

A

By respiratory route and fomites (inamimate)

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7
Q

How big was smallpox?

A

Most likely te most significant disease in history

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8
Q

What was the fatality rate and how many people died from Smallpox?

A

30% fatality rate

300-500 million dead in 20th C

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9
Q

Who caused the outbreak in Indians?

A

Lord Jeffrey Amherest, and he inoculated Indians by the use of contaiminated blankets

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10
Q

Early Stage of Smallpox?

A

Asymptomatic, non infectious with an incubation period of 7-17 days

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11
Q

Smallpox; Day 4

A

Fever, Vomiting, Malaise

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12
Q

Smallpox; Day 5

A

Pustule Rash Formation

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13
Q

Where does the Rash first start out?

A

In the mouth, then the arms, and then the hands

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14
Q

Variolation

A

Deliberate Infection with Smallpox

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15
Q

What did Lady Montague do?

A

Variolated her children in 1721

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16
Q

Problems of Variolation?

A

Highly Variable Procedure
Fatalities
Skin Lesions Less Than Attractive
Variolated patients are infectious

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17
Q

Benjamin Jetsy

A

Milkmaids got cowpox
Inoculated wife and children
Received no smallpox, mild cowpox

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18
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Inoculated James Phipps with cowpox. Variolated him twice then with Smallpox. Did not get skin lesions or smallpox

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19
Q

Attenuation

A

To weaken a viable pathogen

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20
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Forgot about chicken cholera over weekend. Figured old straisn did not kill chickens

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21
Q

How can one achieve attenuation?

A

Heat kill
Serial Passage in Eggs
Passage in cell culture or on palates
Genetic Engineering

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22
Q

Anthrax

A

Caused by Bacillus Anthracis
Pasteur treated sheep with attenuated strain
Vaccine afforded complete protection from disease

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23
Q

Rabies

A

Caused by rabies virus.

Causes foam at mouth, aggressive, then paralysis

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24
Q

What is “the fate of old yeller”?

A

Rabies

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25
Joseph Meister
Received the first rabies vaccine. Pasteur inoculated him with attenuated rabies.
26
Polio
Spread via feces 4-5% developed respiratory, non-paralytic polio <1% paralytic polio, mucular weakness.
27
Salks Vaccine
Inactivated injected form , IPV in 1953
28
Sabins Vaccine
Oral Attenuated Form , OPV in 1961
29
Symptoms of Ebola
Fever, Fatigue, Muscle Pain, headache, and Sore Throat. Followed by vomiting, symptoms of impaired kdiney and liver function and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding
30
EBV Treatment; Supportive Care-Rehydration
With oral or intravenous fluids. Treatment of specific symptoms improves survival.
31
HIV and Ebola Mutation Rate
HIV has high mutation rate, and Ebola has low mutation rate
32
Immunology
The study of how the body responds to and resists pathogens and other foreign substances
33
What does the body do to fight pathogens?
Animals immune system must detect foreign particles and cells, and distinguish non self from self
34
Lymphatic System
Network of vessels, tissues, and organs that helps the body to get rid of toxins, waste, pathogens
35
Adaptive Response
Drains, removes ISF from tissues and elivers foreign materials to nodes for immune assessment
36
Lympathetic System maintains Fluid Homeostasis
Maintains fluid balance between blood versus tissue
37
What things does the Lymphatic System facilitate and Transport?
Transport of Fatty Acids and White Blood Cells
38
3 Lines of Defense
External Internal Adaptive
39
Innate
Fully ready to response before an invader has been encountered
40
Two categories for Innate Response
External and Internal
41
Innate Response; External
Tough outer skin impenetrable, and secretions with mucous membranes covered with sticky mucus
42
Innate Response; Internal
Phagocytic Cells, Natural Killer Cells, Defensive proteins, Inflammatory response
43
Adaptive Response
Activated by exposure to specific invader
44
What do Lymphocytes do?
Have B Cells (Antibodies & Humoral Response) and T Cells (Cell Mediated Response)
45
Inflammatory Response (1)
Tissue Injury, Release of chemical signals such as histamine
46
Inflammatory Response (2)
Dilation and increased leakiness of local blood vessels; Migration of phagocytic cells to the area
47
Inflammatory Response (3)
Phagocytic cells engulf bacteria and cell debris; tissue heals
48
Damaged cells releas chemicals that
increase blood flow to the damaged area and turns the wound red and warm
49
Anti-informatatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen..
dampen the inflammatory response and reduce swelling and fever
50
B Cells
Mature in the Bone Marrow (Humoral Immunity
51
Humoral Immune REsponse
Is the secretion of free-floating antibodies into the blood and lymph caused by B Cells
52
T Cells
Mature in the Thymus and contain Th, Tc, Td, and Ts
53
B cells and T cells eventually make their way to
Lymph Nodes and Other Lymphatic Organs
54
Antigens
Are molecules on the surface of viruses or foreign cells and elicit a response from a lymphocyte
55
Antibodies are made up of
2 Light Chains and 2 Heavy Chains
56
Each light chain bound to heavy chain by
Disulfide
57
Each heavy chain bound to
heavy chain
58
Clonal Selection
Generate B and T cells appropriate to the invading antigen. Mechanism that underlies the immune systems specificty and memory of antigens.
59
Phagocyte Break Down (1)
Phagocytic cell breaks microbe into antigen fragments
60
Phagocyte Break Down (2)
Self protein binds to antigen
61
Phagocyte Break Down (3)
Self protein displas antigen on surface
62
Phagocyte Break Down (4)
Receptor on helper T cell binds to the protein-antigen combination
63
Cytotoxic T Cells
Are the only T cells that kill infected cells. Identify and find cells through a HLA-Ag - TCR complex
64
T Cell Breakdown (1)
Cytotoxic T cell binds to infected cell, becoming activated and producing perforin
65
T Cell Breakdown (2)
Perforin makes holes in infected cell's plasma membrane
66
T Cell Breakdown (3)
Other proteins enter target cell through holes created by perforin
67
T Cell Breakdown (4)
Infected cell is destroyed by lysis (bursting)
68
Primary Immune Response
First response to exposure of lymphocytes to an antigen and takes 7-14 days to produce effector cells via clonal selection
69
clonal Selectio produces
Effector Cells (Produce antibodies and are short lived) and Memory Cells (Long-Lived, lasting decades
70
In the secondary immune response, memory cells
bind to the antigen and initiate a faster and stronger response
71
Vaccination confronts the immune system with..
a vaccine, which includes a harmless version of a disease-causing microbe or one of its parts
72
4 Type of Risk Groups
Living in Close Quarters International Travellers Working with Infected Animals or Animal Products Military & Some Civilans
73
Living in Close Quarters includes
College students, military, elderly. | Meningitis , Pneumonia, Infleunza, HPV
74
International Travelers includes
Cholera, Yellow Fever, Plague, Typhoid, Hepatitis
75
Working with Infected Animals or Animal Products includes
Anthrax, SARS
76
Militar and Some Civilians includes
Anthrax Spores and Botulism
77
Autism Spectrum Disorder
A group fo complex disorders of brain development - Patients Communicate, Interact, Behave, Learn Differently, Rigid Repetitive Behavior
78
Herd Immunity
Means protecting a community from disease by immunizing a critical mass of its populace
79
R0 = r nought = Basic Reproduction Number
How many people one infected person can pass the disease onto during its infectious period in an unprotected population
80
Disease Threshold
Minimum number of immune individuals necessary in a population to prevent a outbreak
81
Passive immunity
Premade antibodies from another animal
82
Passive immunity from a mother
IgGs from mother through placenta to fetus | IgAs from mothers milk
83
Passive immunity from animals
Anti-Snake Venom = IgGs against venom made in humans/animals
84
Allergies are..
Exaggerated sensitivites to harmmless antigens in the environment
85
Allergic Response incldes
Runny Nose, Headaches, Rash, Breathing Trouble, Nausea, Diarrhea, Anaphylactic Shock
86
Anaphylactic Shock
Induced by a heavy dose of allergens. Is especially dangerous type of allergic reaction and counteracted with injections of epinephrine
87
Two stages in a allergy
``` Initial Exposure (Sensitization) Later Exposure ```
88
Autoimmune Disease
When the immune system improperly turns against the bodys own molecules, it can lead to serious autoimmune diseases
89
Example of Autoimmune Diseases
Lupus Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Multiple Sclerosis Rheumatoid Arthritis
90
Immunodeficiency Diseases
result when one or more of the components of the immune system are lacking and leave people more susceptible to infections
91
Immunodeficiency Disease two group
Congenital and Acquired
92
AIDS
Attacks Helper T Cell and Severely Impairs Humoral B Cells and Cell Mediated Immunity (T) Cells
93
HIV Mutation Rate
Has one of the fastest rates of mutation of any pathogen every studied
94
Hayflick Limit - Aging =
Slow erosio of telomeres over the course of our lifetimes

BIOL-L 112 Exam 3 (4 decks)

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