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BIOL-L 112 Exam 3 > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Immunology

A

Study of how the body responds to and resists foreign pathogens and other foreign substances

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2
Q

What is Smallpox caused by?

A

Variola Major

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3
Q

Smallpox is Ltin for

A

Spotted, refers to rash

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4
Q

Survivors of Smallpox are

A

Severerly scarred

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5
Q

Characteristics of Smallpox are

A

Ulcerations of cornea cause blindness

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6
Q

How is smallpox spread?

A

By respiratory route and fomites (inamimate)

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7
Q

How big was smallpox?

A

Most likely te most significant disease in history

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8
Q

What was the fatality rate and how many people died from Smallpox?

A

30% fatality rate

300-500 million dead in 20th C

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9
Q

Who caused the outbreak in Indians?

A

Lord Jeffrey Amherest, and he inoculated Indians by the use of contaiminated blankets

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10
Q

Early Stage of Smallpox?

A

Asymptomatic, non infectious with an incubation period of 7-17 days

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11
Q

Smallpox; Day 4

A

Fever, Vomiting, Malaise

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12
Q

Smallpox; Day 5

A

Pustule Rash Formation

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13
Q

Where does the Rash first start out?

A

In the mouth, then the arms, and then the hands

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14
Q

Variolation

A

Deliberate Infection with Smallpox

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15
Q

What did Lady Montague do?

A

Variolated her children in 1721

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16
Q

Problems of Variolation?

A

Highly Variable Procedure
Fatalities
Skin Lesions Less Than Attractive
Variolated patients are infectious

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17
Q

Benjamin Jetsy

A

Milkmaids got cowpox
Inoculated wife and children
Received no smallpox, mild cowpox

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18
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Inoculated James Phipps with cowpox. Variolated him twice then with Smallpox. Did not get skin lesions or smallpox

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19
Q

Attenuation

A

To weaken a viable pathogen

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20
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Forgot about chicken cholera over weekend. Figured old straisn did not kill chickens

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21
Q

How can one achieve attenuation?

A

Heat kill
Serial Passage in Eggs
Passage in cell culture or on palates
Genetic Engineering

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22
Q

Anthrax

A

Caused by Bacillus Anthracis
Pasteur treated sheep with attenuated strain
Vaccine afforded complete protection from disease

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23
Q

Rabies

A

Caused by rabies virus.

Causes foam at mouth, aggressive, then paralysis

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24
Q

What is “the fate of old yeller”?

A

Rabies

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25
Q

Joseph Meister

A

Received the first rabies vaccine. Pasteur inoculated him with attenuated rabies.

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26
Q

Polio

A

Spread via feces
4-5% developed respiratory, non-paralytic polio
<1% paralytic polio, mucular weakness.

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27
Q

Salks Vaccine

A

Inactivated injected form , IPV in 1953

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28
Q

Sabins Vaccine

A

Oral Attenuated Form , OPV in 1961

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29
Q

Symptoms of Ebola

A

Fever, Fatigue, Muscle Pain, headache, and Sore Throat. Followed by vomiting, symptoms of impaired kdiney and liver function and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding

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30
Q

EBV Treatment; Supportive Care-Rehydration

A

With oral or intravenous fluids. Treatment of specific symptoms improves survival.

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31
Q

HIV and Ebola Mutation Rate

A

HIV has high mutation rate, and Ebola has low mutation rate

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32
Q

Immunology

A

The study of how the body responds to and resists pathogens and other foreign substances

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33
Q

What does the body do to fight pathogens?

A

Animals immune system must detect foreign particles and cells, and distinguish non self from self

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34
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Network of vessels, tissues, and organs that helps the body to get rid of toxins, waste, pathogens

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35
Q

Adaptive Response

A

Drains, removes ISF from tissues and elivers foreign materials to nodes for immune assessment

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36
Q

Lympathetic System maintains Fluid Homeostasis

A

Maintains fluid balance between blood versus tissue

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37
Q

What things does the Lymphatic System facilitate and Transport?

A

Transport of Fatty Acids and White Blood Cells

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38
Q

3 Lines of Defense

A

External
Internal
Adaptive

39
Q

Innate

A

Fully ready to response before an invader has been encountered

40
Q

Two categories for Innate Response

A

External and Internal

41
Q

Innate Response; External

A

Tough outer skin impenetrable, and secretions with mucous membranes covered with sticky mucus

42
Q

Innate Response; Internal

A

Phagocytic Cells, Natural Killer Cells, Defensive proteins, Inflammatory response

43
Q

Adaptive Response

A

Activated by exposure to specific invader

44
Q

What do Lymphocytes do?

A

Have B Cells (Antibodies & Humoral Response) and T Cells (Cell Mediated Response)

45
Q

Inflammatory Response (1)

A

Tissue Injury, Release of chemical signals such as histamine

46
Q

Inflammatory Response (2)

A

Dilation and increased leakiness of local blood vessels; Migration of phagocytic cells to the area

47
Q

Inflammatory Response (3)

A

Phagocytic cells engulf bacteria and cell debris; tissue heals

48
Q

Damaged cells releas chemicals that

A

increase blood flow to the damaged area and turns the wound red and warm

49
Q

Anti-informatatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen..

A

dampen the inflammatory response and reduce swelling and fever

50
Q

B Cells

A

Mature in the Bone Marrow (Humoral Immunity

51
Q

Humoral Immune REsponse

A

Is the secretion of free-floating antibodies into the blood and lymph caused by B Cells

52
Q

T Cells

A

Mature in the Thymus and contain Th, Tc, Td, and Ts

53
Q

B cells and T cells eventually make their way to

A

Lymph Nodes and Other Lymphatic Organs

54
Q

Antigens

A

Are molecules on the surface of viruses or foreign cells and elicit a response from a lymphocyte

55
Q

Antibodies are made up of

A

2 Light Chains and 2 Heavy Chains

56
Q

Each light chain bound to heavy chain by

A

Disulfide

57
Q

Each heavy chain bound to

A

heavy chain

58
Q

Clonal Selection

A

Generate B and T cells appropriate to the invading antigen. Mechanism that underlies the immune systems specificty and memory of antigens.

59
Q

Phagocyte Break Down (1)

A

Phagocytic cell breaks microbe into antigen fragments

60
Q

Phagocyte Break Down (2)

A

Self protein binds to antigen

61
Q

Phagocyte Break Down (3)

A

Self protein displas antigen on surface

62
Q

Phagocyte Break Down (4)

A

Receptor on helper T cell binds to the protein-antigen combination

63
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A

Are the only T cells that kill infected cells. Identify and find cells through a HLA-Ag - TCR complex

64
Q

T Cell Breakdown (1)

A

Cytotoxic T cell binds to infected cell, becoming activated and producing perforin

65
Q

T Cell Breakdown (2)

A

Perforin makes holes in infected cell’s plasma membrane

66
Q

T Cell Breakdown (3)

A

Other proteins enter target cell through holes created by perforin

67
Q

T Cell Breakdown (4)

A

Infected cell is destroyed by lysis (bursting)

68
Q

Primary Immune Response

A

First response to exposure of lymphocytes to an antigen and takes 7-14 days to produce effector cells via clonal selection

69
Q

clonal Selectio produces

A

Effector Cells (Produce antibodies and are short lived) and Memory Cells (Long-Lived, lasting decades

70
Q

In the secondary immune response, memory cells

A

bind to the antigen and initiate a faster and stronger response

71
Q

Vaccination confronts the immune system with..

A

a vaccine, which includes a harmless version of a disease-causing microbe or one of its parts

72
Q

4 Type of Risk Groups

A

Living in Close Quarters
International Travellers
Working with Infected Animals or Animal Products
Military & Some Civilans

73
Q

Living in Close Quarters includes

A

College students, military, elderly.

Meningitis , Pneumonia, Infleunza, HPV

74
Q

International Travelers includes

A

Cholera, Yellow Fever, Plague, Typhoid, Hepatitis

75
Q

Working with Infected Animals or Animal Products includes

A

Anthrax, SARS

76
Q

Militar and Some Civilians includes

A

Anthrax Spores and Botulism

77
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

A group fo complex disorders of brain development - Patients Communicate, Interact, Behave, Learn Differently, Rigid Repetitive Behavior

78
Q

Herd Immunity

A

Means protecting a community from disease by immunizing a critical mass of its populace

79
Q

R0 = r nought = Basic Reproduction Number

A

How many people one infected person can pass the disease onto during its infectious period in an unprotected population

80
Q

Disease Threshold

A

Minimum number of immune individuals necessary in a population to prevent a outbreak

81
Q

Passive immunity

A

Premade antibodies from another animal

82
Q

Passive immunity from a mother

A

IgGs from mother through placenta to fetus

IgAs from mothers milk

83
Q

Passive immunity from animals

A

Anti-Snake Venom = IgGs against venom made in humans/animals

84
Q

Allergies are..

A

Exaggerated sensitivites to harmmless antigens in the environment

85
Q

Allergic Response incldes

A

Runny Nose, Headaches, Rash, Breathing Trouble, Nausea, Diarrhea, Anaphylactic Shock

86
Q

Anaphylactic Shock

A

Induced by a heavy dose of allergens. Is especially dangerous type of allergic reaction and counteracted with injections of epinephrine

87
Q

Two stages in a allergy

A 
Initial Exposure (Sensitization)
Later Exposure
88
Q

Autoimmune Disease

A

When the immune system improperly turns against the bodys own molecules, it can lead to serious autoimmune diseases

89
Q

Example of Autoimmune Diseases

A

Lupus
Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
Multiple Sclerosis
Rheumatoid Arthritis

90
Q

Immunodeficiency Diseases

A

result when one or more of the components of the immune system are lacking and leave people more susceptible to infections

91
Q

Immunodeficiency Disease two group

A

Congenital and Acquired

92
Q

AIDS

A

Attacks Helper T Cell and Severely Impairs Humoral B Cells and Cell Mediated Immunity (T) Cells

93
Q

HIV Mutation Rate

A

Has one of the fastest rates of mutation of any pathogen every studied

94
Q

Hayflick Limit - Aging =

A

Slow erosio of telomeres over the course of our lifetimes

BIOL-L 112 Exam 3 (4 decks)

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