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Biology - Topic 6: Infection, Immunity & Forensics > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an antigen?

A

‘Antibody generating’

Any foreign molecule leading to the production of antibodies.

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2
Q

What is an antibiotic?

A

A type of antibacterial compound.

Bacteria-specific drug that slows or prevents bacterial reproduction.

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3
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Composed of lymph nodes and lymphatics.

Drains tissue fluid back into normal circulation.

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4
Q

Define lymph

A

Liquid that drains away from the tissue fluid cells into lymph vessels.

Contains a high number of lymphocytes.

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5
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

White blood cells.

Capable of amoeboid movement.

Includes phagocytes and lymphocytes.

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6
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Protein molecules produced by B cells in response to an antigen

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7
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

A type of white blood cell.

Involved in adaptive immunity.

Produced in the bone marrow and mature as either B cells or T cells.

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8
Q

What is lysozyme?

A

Enzyme produced in body secretions.

Digests peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls.

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9
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

A form of endocytosis carried out by some white blood cells.

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10
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes

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11
Q

When is a phagosome formed?

A

During phagocytosis through the fusion of a lysosome and foreign matter

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12
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of how often diseases occur in different groups of people and why.

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13
Q

Define immunity

A

Protection from pathogens/disease.

Presence of, or the ability to produce, large numbers of specific antibodies in the blood.

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14
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

Sample of antigen that increases immunity.

Gives the ability to produce, or increases the amount of, specific antibodies in the blood.

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15
Q

Define “herd immunity”

A

Protection of vulnerable non-immune individuals in a population due to a high level of immunity in the population as a whole.

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16
Q

What is the specific immune system?

A

Kills invading pathogens, but also remembers the pathogen’s features so that it can be killed quickly on subsequent infections

Only vertebrates have specific immunity.

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17
Q

What is self/non-self recognition?

A

The ability to detect and produce antibodies against foreign antigens and not against the organism’s own cells.

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18
Q

Define “antibody mediated”

A

AKA humoral

A type of specific immunity conducted by B cell produced antibodies against antigens identified as non-self.

Commonly used against bacteria/fungi/free virions.

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19
Q

Define “cell mediated”

A

A type of specific immunity coordinated by T cells.

Commonly used against invaders present in cells.

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20
Q

Define “clonal selection”

A

Lymphocytes sensitive to antigen reproduce much more rapidly than others, leading to a build up of antigen specific cells large enough to mount an immune response. (PLASMA cells)

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21
Q

Define “antigen presentation”

A

Consists of ingestion and partial digestion of the antigen by an antigen presenting cell - followed by presentation of fragments on the cell surface to lymphocytes.

22
Q

What is MHC?

A

Major histocompatibility complex.

Extrinsic cell proteins that present fragments of proteins on the surface for self/non-self recognition.

23
Q

Many features of the immune system reflect…

A

The evolutionary struggle (“arms race”) between microbes and hosts as each tries to overcome the other.

24
Q

How many lines of protection do humans have against invading pathogens?

A

3

25
Q

What is the first line of defense that humans have against invading pathogens?

A

Barriers.

The skin and associated chemicals stop microbes from entering the body.

26
Q

What is the second line of defense that humans have against invading pathogens?

A

The non-specific immune system

Phagocytes quickly destroy microbes that pass the first line of defense.

27
Q

What is the third line of defense that humans have against invading pathogens?

A

The specific immune system

Lymphocytes kill any microbes that pass the second line of defense and remain on guard for future attacks.

28
Q

Define “innate immunity”

A

AKA non-specific

Refers to non-specific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen’s appearance in the body.

29
Q

Define “adaptive immunity”

A

AKA specific

More complex than innate. Antigen is processed and recognized leading to the creation of an “army” of immune cells.

Has “memory”

30
Q

What is the duration of innate immunity?

A

Rapid (hours)

31
Q

What is the duration of adaptive immunity?

A

Slow (days/weeks)

32
Q

What are the cell components in innate immunity?

A

Granulocytes (phagocytes)

33
Q

What are the cell components in adaptive immunity?

A

Lymphocytes (B and T cells)

34
Q

Which type of immunity is (more) inherited?

A

Innate

35
Q

Which type of immunity is (more) specific?

A

Adaptive

36
Q

In innate immunity, is the level of response constant or increasing?

A

Constant

37
Q

In adaptive immunity, is the level of response constant or increasing?

A

Increasing

38
Q

In innate immunity, is the recognition of pathogens broad or narrow?

A

Broad

39
Q

In adaptive immunity, is the recognition of pathogens broad or narrow?

A

Narrow

40
Q

What is the mechanism in innate immunity?

A

Phagocytosis

41
Q

What is the mechanism in adaptive immunity?

A

Antibodies

42
Q

In which type of immunity is cell memory present?

A

Adaptive

43
Q

In which type of immunity is clonal selection present?

A

Adaptive

44
Q

Which kind of immunity can be passive or active?

A

Adaptive

45
Q

What does passive immunity refer to?

A

In passive immunity, the immune response is acquired from the cells of another organism.

Transfer of externally produced antibodies.

46
Q

What does active immunity refer to?

A

In active immunity, the immune response is produced by the organism’s own cells.

Self produced antibodies by B cells.

47
Q

In active immunity, what is “artificial”?

A

The pathogen is introduced to the organism via a vaccine.

48
Q

In active immunity, what is “natural”?

A

Pathogens are introduced to the organisms via infection.

49
Q

In passive immunity, what is “artificial”?

A

Monoclonal antibodies injected into organism/serum.

50
Q

In passive immunity, what is “natural”?

A

Antibodies enter the foetus via the placenta.

Biology - Topic 6: Infection, Immunity & Forensics (3 decks)

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