Immunity Flashcards
Blood
red blood cells
White blood ceels
platlets
plasma
Red Blood Cells
Erythrocytes
~45%
White Blood Cells
Leukocytes
<1%
Platelets
<1%
Plasma
~55%
Blood plasma
Serum
55% of blood
* 90–92% water
* Electrolytes / glucose
* Clotting factors
* Plasma proteins (~7%)
Serum = plasma minus clotting factors
Clinical measures
RBC account
WBC account
Hematocrit
Hemoglobin
Platlets
RBC count
~5 million / mm3
WBC count
~10,000 / mm3
Hematocrit - Hct
-test to find Ratio of RBC’s to total blood volume (look slide 12)
~45%
Hemoglobin - Hb (12-15 mg/dL)
Platelets (150,000-350,000 / mm3)
-Red blood cells facts
What do they need
Live ~120 days
30 trillion
Replace ~1% per day
Need:
Iron, B12, Erythropoieten (from kidney)
* Released if blood O2 is low
Anemia
what is
iron deficiency anemia
pernicious anemia
Low oxygen carrying capacity
-Fatigue
Iron deficiency Anemia
-Low iron, low Hb
-Small cells, low Hct
Pernicious anemia
-Low B12
- Low RBC count
Polycythemia
what is
Primary
secondary
relative
- High RBC count or high hematocrit
Primary - Tumour that causes high RBC production
Secondary - High EPO (eg. Elevation) causes high RBC production
Relative Dehydration - reduced plasma – high hct
Osmotic changes to blood
Cellular components of blood
- Cell shape changes with osmolarity of plasma. hypotonic isotonic hypertonic
- RBC, WBC, Platelets
White blood cells
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
-Phagocytes
-60-70% of WBC’s
Monocytes
-Macrophages
-2-8% of WBC’s
Eosinophils
-Allergy response
-1-4% of WBC’s
Basophils
-Histamine
-<1%
Lymphocytes
-20-30% of WBC’s
-T cells and B cells
Platelets
Blood clotting
- Cell fragments needed for clotting
- Lifespan of 5-9 days
- 5,000-10,000 / megakaryocyte
- Vascular Spasm
Vasoconstriction to reduce blood loss
-Platelet Plug - Coagulation
- Platlet plug
- Exposure to collagen (charged surface) activates platelets
-Activates other platelets to increase plug size
-Surrounding healthy tissues inhibit platelets
Coagulation
Positive feedback loops
Coagulation - intrinsic and extrinsic
-Formation of fibrin threads
-Clotting requires:
clotting factors, platelets, calcium, vitamin K. Vitamin K needed for the formation of several factors
Two pathways
* Intrinsic and Extrinsic
Extrinsic Path - Needs external factor
Intrinsic Path - Slower, More fibrin
Clotting
Extrinsic pathway is initiated first
- Small amount of fibrin
Intrinsic pathway in then triggered through positive feedback
- Produces high volume of fibrin
After healing
Plasmin will digest internal clots
ABO blood groups
Blood mismatch
- review slide 24
Antibodies bind antigens
-Clumping
- Block small vessels
Hemolytic anemia
Also Rh mismatch
- review slide 26
Immune system
Defense against
what does it also do
Antigen
Defense against
Bacteria, viruses, worms
Removes old cells
Helps with repair (injuries)
Antigen
-Eg. Virus, bacteria
-Binds with antibody
Pathogens: bacteria and viruses list
Mechanims of disease by pathogens
Bacteria, Viruses, Worms, Fungi,
Parasites, Protozoa
-Use host nutritional resources
- Physical damage to host tissue
- Produce toxic substances
- Chromosomal and gene damage
- Abnormal cell behaviour
Viruses vs Bacteria
Bacteria:
Viruses:
-Small cells that often rely on tissues for food
Eg. Strep or Staph infections
* Salmonella (food poisoning)
-DNA plus a protein coat
-Cannot replicate themselves
* Must infect cells to replicate
Eg. Coronavirus, HIV, Rhinovirus
Anitbiotics - mechanism of actions
Target cell membrane
* Inhibit protein synthesis
* Interfere with metabolism, DNA synthesis
* Works on bacteria – not viruses
Types of viral infections
examples of bactertial infection
Viruses
E.g. colds, flu
COVID
Measles
Chicken Pox
Can be dormant in cells - not alive
* replicate
* symptoms can erupt with stress
- “Strep” throat (scarlet & rheumatic fever)
- Chronic sinus infection
- Bacterial Pneumonia
- Bladder infections
- Food poisoning (Salmonella, eg)
- STI’s - Chlamydia, syphilis & gonorrhea
- Skin infections (pus)
Super bugs
Anti-biotic resistant bacteria - due to over use of antibiotics
- What happens?
Fungi
What do they do?
Examples?
- Very limited in antibiotics to fight them, patients usually remain infected
-Plant-like organisms larger than bacteria
-Inflammation response, Anti-fungals attack cell walls
Tinea (athlete’s foot)
Candida (yeast infections)
Ringworm
Frequency and types of infection
Protozoa
Helminths
Others:
single-celled organisms
* Water, soil, internal
Infection through bite of infected insect or ingestion of spores
Roundworms or flatworms
Pinworms and tapeworms
* Pinworms cause anal itching
Malaria
* Most common
Giardia
Prions
What are they made of?
What do they affect?
What do they lead to?
Composed only of infectious protein
- affect brain or neural tissue
- induce abnormal folding of cellular proteins
- Progress rapidly
- Currently untreatable
- Fatal
- Eg. Mad Cow disease
- Cattle wasting disease
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
Disease resistance
Nonspecific Resistance (Innate Immunity)
Specific Immunity (Adaptive Immunity)
Present at birth and includes defense
mechanisms against a wide range of pathogens (non-specific)
Involves activation of specific lymphocytes that combat a particular pathogen or other foreign substance
Immunity
Non specific, quick
Specific (required), slower but stronger
External defenses
inflammation
Interferon
Natural killer cells / Phagocytes
Complement system
T-cells – kill infected cells
B-cells – antibody response
Lines of defence:
First line:
second line:
third line:
External defences
skin and mucous membranes
non-specific mechanisms
phagocytosis, NK cells, inflammation, fever (non-specific)(innate immunity)
specific defense (adaptive immunity)
Skin
Mucous
Acid
Cough
Sneeze
Natural Bacteria
colonies
