Immunity Flashcards
What are the two main types of immunity?
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
True or False: Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense.
True.
Fill in the blank: The _____ is responsible for producing blood cells, including immune cells.
bone marrow.
What organ is primarily responsible for the maturation of T cells?
Thymus.
Which lymphoid organ filters blood and helps in the immune response?
Spleen.
Multiple choice: Which type of immunity is characterized by the specificity to particular pathogens? A) Innate B) Adaptive C) Both
B) Adaptive.
What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
To filter lymph and house immune cells.
True or False: The spleen is involved in the production of antibodies.
True.
Fill in the blank: _____ immunity is acquired through exposure to pathogens.
Adaptive.
What type of cells are produced in the bone marrow?
Blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Multiple choice: Which cells are primarily produced in the thymus? A) B cells B) T cells C) Macrophages
B) T cells.
What is the role of macrophages in the immune system?
To engulf and digest pathogens and debris.
True or False: Lymph nodes are only found in the abdomen.
False.
Fill in the blank: The _____ is the largest lymphoid organ in the body.
spleen.
What type of immunity is provided by antibodies transferred from mother to child?
Passive immunity.
Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of the spleen? A) Filtering blood B) Producing insulin C) Storing red blood cells
B) Producing insulin.
What are the two main components of the adaptive immune system?
Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
True or False: The thymus decreases in size as a person ages.
True.
Fill in the blank: _____ cells are responsible for producing antibodies.
B cells.
What is the function of dendritic cells in the immune response?
To present antigens to T cells.
Multiple choice: Which type of immunity is immediate and non-specific? A) Adaptive B) Innate C) Both
B) Innate.
What is the function of the bone marrow in relation to the immune system?
It produces and stores immune cells.
True or False: The lymphatic system is separate from the circulatory system.
True.
Fill in the blank: The _____ is involved in the maturation and differentiation of B cells.
bone marrow.
What is the primary role of helper T cells?
To activate other immune cells.
Multiple choice: Which lymphoid organ is responsible for filtering lymph fluid? A) Bone marrow B) Thymus C) Lymph nodes
C) Lymph nodes.
What type of cells are T cells?
T cells are a type of lymphocyte that plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity.
What is the primary function of B cells?
B cells are responsible for producing antibodies in response to antigens.
True or False: Helper T cells are also known as CD4+ T cells.
True
What distinguishes CD8+ T cells from CD4+ T cells?
CD8+ T cells are cytotoxic T cells that directly kill infected or cancerous cells, while CD4+ T cells assist other immune cells.
Fill in the blank: Cytokines are _____ that mediate communication between immune cells.
proteins
What role do cytokines play in the immune response?
Cytokines are signaling molecules that help regulate immune responses by facilitating communication between cells.
What is the main function of suppressor T cells?
Suppressor T cells, or regulatory T cells, help maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmune responses.
Multiple Choice: Which T cell type is primarily involved in activating B cells? A) CD8+ T cells B) Helper T cells C) Suppressor T cells
B) Helper T cells
What is the role of CD4 in the immune system?
CD4 is a co-receptor that enhances the ability of helper T cells to recognize antigens presented by MHC class II molecules.
True or False: All T cells express CD8.
False
What are the two main subsets of T cells?
The two main subsets of T cells are helper T cells (CD4+) and cytotoxic T cells (CD8+).
Fill in the blank: B cells develop in the _____ and mature in the _____ .
bone marrow; spleen
What is the significance of T cell receptor (TCR) diversity?
TCR diversity allows T cells to recognize a wide range of antigens, enhancing the immune response.
Multiple Choice: Which cytokine is primarily involved in the activation of T cells? A) Interleukin-2 (IL-2) B) Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) C) Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)
A) Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
What is the main role of memory T cells?
Memory T cells provide a faster and more effective immune response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
True or False: Cytotoxic T cells can only kill virus-infected cells.
False
What is the function of antibodies produced by B cells?
Antibodies bind to specific antigens, neutralizing pathogens and marking them for destruction by other immune cells.
Fill in the blank: Helper T cells release _____ to stimulate other immune cells.
cytokines
What is the primary difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense and is non-specific, while adaptive immunity is specific and involves T and B cells.
Multiple Choice: Which type of cell is primarily responsible for the direct killing of infected cells? A) B cells B) Helper T cells C) CD8+ T cells
C) CD8+ T cells
What is the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in T cell activation?
APCs present antigens on their surface using MHC molecules, which is crucial for T cell activation.
True or False: Suppressor T cells enhance the immune response.
False
What is the function of interleukin-4 (IL-4)?
IL-4 promotes B cell differentiation and the production of antibodies.
Fill in the blank: T cells originate from _____ stem cells in the bone marrow.
hematopoietic
What does the term ‘clonal selection’ refer to in the context of T cells?
Clonal selection refers to the process by which specific T cells are activated and proliferate in response to a specific antigen.
Multiple Choice: Which type of cytokine is produced by CD8+ T cells to kill infected cells? A) Interferon-gamma B) Interleukin-10 C) Tumor Necrosis Factor
A) Interferon-gamma
What is the main purpose of the immune system’s memory response?
The memory response allows for a quicker and more robust reaction to previously encountered pathogens.
True or False: All B cells can produce antibodies without T cell help.
False
What is the significance of the CD8 molecule on cytotoxic T cells?
The CD8 molecule helps cytotoxic T cells recognize and bind to MHC class I molecules on infected cells.
Fill in the blank: The interaction between T cells and B cells is crucial for _____ immunity.
humoral
What is the role of regulatory T cells in autoimmune diseases?
Regulatory T cells help prevent autoimmune diseases by suppressing inappropriate immune responses.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of memory T cells? A) They do not express TCR B) They have a short lifespan C) They respond rapidly to antigen re-exposure
C) They respond rapidly to antigen re-exposure
True or False: Cytokines can have multiple effects on different types of cells.
True
What is the primary mechanism by which CD4+ T cells assist B cells?
CD4+ T cells release cytokines that stimulate B cell proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells.
Fill in the blank: The primary site of T cell maturation is the _____ .
thymus
What is the function of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)?
TNF is involved in systemic inflammation and can induce apoptotic cell death.
Multiple Choice: Which cytokine is known for its role in inflammation? A) Interleukin-10 B) Interferon-alpha C) Interleukin-1
C) Interleukin-1
What does MHC stand for?
Major Histocompatibility Complex
True or False: MHC molecules are involved in the immune response.
True
Fill in the blank: The human version of MHC is known as _____.
HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigen)
What are the two main classes of MHC molecules?
MHC Class I and MHC Class II
Which type of cells express MHC Class I molecules?
All nucleated cells
Multiple Choice: Which MHC class is primarily responsible for presenting antigens to CD4+ T cells? A) MHC Class I B) MHC Class II C) Both
B) MHC Class II
What is the primary function of MHC Class I molecules?
To present intracellular antigens to CD8+ T cells
True or False: HLA typing is used for organ transplantation compatibility.
True
What is the role of MHC in autoimmune diseases?
Certain MHC alleles are associated with increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases.
Fill in the blank: MHC molecules are highly _____ among individuals, contributing to transplant rejection.
polymorphic
What is the primary immune response?
The primary immune response is the initial response of the immune system to a specific antigen, which involves the activation and proliferation of lymphocytes.
True or False: The primary immune response occurs more quickly than the secondary immune response.
False
Fill in the blank: The primary immune response typically takes ______ days to develop.
7-14
What cells are primarily involved in the primary immune response?
B cells and T cells
What is the secondary immune response?
The secondary immune response is the immune response that occurs upon re-exposure to the same antigen, characterized by a faster and more robust reaction.
Which type of immune response is more rapid: primary or secondary?
Secondary immune response
True or False: Memory cells are formed during the primary immune response.
True
What is the role of memory cells in the immune response?
Memory cells provide a quicker and stronger response upon re-exposure to the same antigen.
Fill in the blank: The secondary immune response can occur within ______ days.
1-3
What is anamnestic response?
An anamnestic response is the enhanced immune response that occurs when the immune system is exposed to an antigen it has previously encountered.
How do vaccines relate to the concept of anamnestic response?
Vaccines stimulate the formation of memory cells, leading to an anamnestic response upon subsequent exposure to the pathogen.
True or False: Anamnestic responses can result in a stronger immune reaction than the initial response.
True
What types of antibodies are typically produced during a secondary immune response?
IgG antibodies are typically produced in greater quantities during the secondary immune response.
What is the difference in antibody production between primary and secondary responses?
In the primary response, IgM is produced first, while the secondary response primarily produces IgG.
Fill in the blank: The primary immune response is mainly characterized by the production of ______ antibodies.
IgM
What is the importance of the primary immune response?
The primary immune response establishes adaptive immunity and generates memory cells for future encounters with the antigen.
True or False: The primary immune response is less specific than the secondary immune response.
False
What triggers the secondary immune response?
Re-exposure to an antigen triggers the secondary immune response.
What is the role of T helper cells in the immune response?
T helper cells assist in the activation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells, enhancing the immune response.
Fill in the blank: The memory B cells are responsible for ______ production during a secondary immune response.
antibody
Which immunoglobulin class is predominantly involved in anamnestic responses?
IgG
True or False: All immune responses are anamnestic.
False
What is the duration of memory in the immune system?
Memory can last for years or even a lifetime, depending on the antigen.
What is the function of cytotoxic T cells in the immune response?
Cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells and help eliminate pathogens.
Fill in the blank: The anamnestic response is a key feature of ______ immunity.
adaptive
