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BIOLOGY 3/4 > IMMUNITY > Flashcards

IMMUNITY Flashcards

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1
Q

First line of defense

A

innate, non-specific
prevents the entry of pathogens into body

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2
Q

Physical barriers

A

stops pathogens from entering body
i.e INTACT skin, nasal cavity, ears,

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3
Q

Chemical barriers

A

destroys pathogens on the outer body surface, openings and linings
i.e saliva enzyme (lysosome), stomach acid, tears

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4
Q

Microbiological / microbiota barriers

A

prevents the growth of pathogenic microbes good bacteria present in the body
i.e acidic secretions, stomach acid

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5
Q

Plant barriers

A

physical
waxy coating, thick bark, spikes and thorns
chemical
antimicrobial compounds
antifungal compounds

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6
Q

Second line of defence

A

innate, non-specific
destroys all general invaders of the body, does not target specific antigens

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7
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

cells of the immune system = white blood cells

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8
Q

Phagocytes

A

ingest and destroy antigens by phagocytosis
recognise patterns on antigens, not specific antigens

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9
Q

Macrophages

A

big eaters
antigen-presenting
found in tissue

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10
Q

Neutrophils

A

first responders
first cells to arrive at infection site (attracted to foreign material by chemical signals)
found in blood

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11
Q

Dendritic cells

A

found in tissue, reside/patrol skin and mucousal surfaces
can migrate to lymphe nodes
antigen-presenting

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12
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  1. phagocyte recognises microbe via receptor
  2. phagocyte engulfs microbe via endocytosis
  3. vesicle containing microbe binds with lysosome
  4. lysosome empties digestive enzymes into vesicle
  5. enzyme digests microbe
  6. particles are released from phagocyte
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13
Q

Eosinophils

A

parasite destroyers
present in respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tract
defends against larger parasitic agents
granules with tocix chemicals and histamines

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14
Q

Natural killer (NK) cells

A

found in blood and lymph
kills virus infected cells through apoptosis
attacks cells that lack self markers, or have missing/abnormal MHC markers

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15
Q

NK cells - Degranulation

A

NK cells recognise abnormal cells and release perforin (punches holes in cell membrane) and proteases (triggers apoptosis)

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16
Q

Mast cells

A

found in tissue close to external environment
mediates inflammatory/allergic response
granules contain cytokines (increases permeability) and histamine (attracts other immune cells)

17
Q

Humoral immunity

A

immune response in humors (body fluid, i.e blood, phglem)

18
Q

Complement proteins

A

innactive enzyme in blood that assists in the function of immune cells
activated after direct contant with molecules on the surface of a pathogen
activates other complement proteins - causes inflammation or lysis and enhances phagocytosis

19
Q

Complement proteins - Opsination

A

marking pathogens and makes them more susceptible to phagocytosis

20
Q

Complement proteins - Chemotaxis

A

chemical signals that stimulates movement of cells
attracts immune cells to site of infection

21
Q

Complement proteins - Lysis

A

membrane-attack complex (MAC) forms on plasma membrane of pathogen

22
Q

Intereferons

A

virally infected cells release interferons to prepare neighbouring cells for possible attack
cytokines - signalling proteins

23
Q

antigen

A

a substance that illicits an immune response

24
Q

self and non-self antigens

A

self: tolerated by the body
non-self: foreign and illicits immune response

25
Q

MHC markers

A

MHCI: present on all nucleated cells
MHCII: present on specific immune cells, present fragments from foreign anitgen

26
Q

pathogen

A

agents that cause disease
(pathogens are non-self antigens)
i.e cellular: bacteria, fungi, parasites, protozoans
non-cellular: viruses, prions

27
Q

infection vs disease

A
28
Q

cellular and non-cellular pathogens

A
29
Q

extra/intracellular

A

extracellular: can grow and produce freely, may move extensively within the tissue of the body
intracellular: infect/ grow/ replicate/ reproduce inside of host cells

30
Q

viruses

A
31
Q

bacteria

A
32
Q

allergens

A

allergens are antigens that elicit an immune/allergic response but DO NOT cause disease

33
Q

allergic response

A
34
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

A
  • engulfs pathogen
  • display a fragment of the pathogen on MHCII receptors
  • presents to Thelper cells and B cells
35
Q
A

BIOLOGY 3/4 (1 decks)

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