IMMUNITY

Question 1

1ST LINE OF DEFENSE

Answer 1

1ST LINE - SKIN/ MUCOUS
PREVENT WIDE VARIETY OF MICROORGANISMS FROM ENTERING THE BODY/ INNATE

Question 2

2ND LINE OF DEFENSE

Answer 2

2ND LINE- MICROORGANISMS PENETRATE THE BODY, PHAGOCYTOSIS, ANTIMICROBAL SUBSTANCES, FEVER, INFLAMMATION/ INNATE

Question 3

3RD LINE OF DEFENSE

Answer 3

ELIMINATE SPECIFIC MICROORGANISMS THAT PENETRATE THE BODY/ PREVENTING IT FROM COMING BACK FOR FUTURE ATTACKS/ ADAPTIVE (SPECIFIC)

Question 4

FOUR FUNCTIONS OF INFLAMMATION

Answer 4

REMOVES CELLULAR DEBRIS
REMOVES MICROBES
PREVENTS MICROBES FROM SPREADING
REPAIRS DAMAGED TISSUE

Question 5

THREE STAGES OF INFLAMMATION

Answer 5

1. VASODILATION, INCREASED PERMABILITY OF BLOOD VESSELS
2. PHAGOCYTOSIS, PHAGOCYTE MIGRATION
   ENGULFED AND KILLED BY LYSOMES
3. INFLAMMATION - TISSUE REPAIR

Question 6

FOUR CHARACTERISTICS OF INFLAMMATION

Answer 6

PAIN, SWELLING, REDNESS, HEAT, LOSS OF MOVEMENT.

Question 7

FUNCTIONS OF SPLEEN

Answer 7

FILTERING BLOOD
MAKING IMMUNE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
STORING BLOOD CELLS
PREVENTING INFECTIONS
SYNTHESISING HEMAGLOBINS

Question 8

BENEFITS OF FEVER

Answer 8

RAISES TEMPERATURES SLOWS BACTERIA GROWTH
TEMPERATURE RAISE
DEFENSE MECHANISMS BECOME FASTER
INCREASE RATES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
MAKES PEOPLE FEEL ILL SO THE BODY RESTS AND GIVES THE BODY ENERGY TO FIGHT INFECTIon

Question 9

FOUR CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES

Answer 9

IgG, IgA, IgM, Ige

Question 10

igG

Answer 10

80% of the antibodies in serum
Protect against bacteria, neutralise toxins and viruses, trigger complement, make phagocytosis
cross the placenta so the foetus and new-born get some protection from mother
long lasting

Question 11

igA

Answer 11

10-15% of antibodies in blood
most common antibody in secretions & on mucous membranes: found in
Mucus
Saliva
Tears
BREASTMILK
Binding antigens before the invade tissues

Question 12

IgM

Answer 12

5-10% of antibodies
First type be produced when antigen
very good at clumping antigen and triggering component

Question 13

IgE

Answer 13

Tiny amounts only
involved in allergic reactions
Play a role in immunity to parastic infections in guts

Question 14

Functions of antibodies

Answer 14

1. Enhance pathocytosis
2. Activates components
3. Neutralisation - to stop it binding to the host
4. Agglutian

Question 15

FOUR TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

Answer 15

NATURAL
ACTIVE - ENCOURAGING ANTIGEN
PASSIVE - ANTIBODY TRANSFER BY NATURAL MEANS
ARTIFICIAL
ACTIVE - VACCINATION
PASSIVE - ANTIBODY TRANSFER BY ARTIFICAL MEANS

Question 16

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

Answer 16

NATURAL
ACTIVE-
IMMUNITY GAINED THROUGH ILLNESS AND RECOVERY
PASSIVE - YOU ARE GIVING A BABY PATHOGENS FROM BREASTMILK or PLACENTA (IgA)
ARTIFICAL
PASSIVE - ANTIGENS GAINED FROM BLOOD TRANSFUSION OR ANIMAL
ACTIVE- GAINED FROM VACCINES

Question 17

DIFFERENT TYPES OF VACCINES

Answer 17

LIVE INTENUATED VACCINE (MMR) - MEASLES, MUMPS AND RUBELLA - NO BOOSTERS/ LONG TIME
MADE FROM KILLED MICROBES
CHOLERA AND TYPHOID
SUBUNIT VACCINES
HEPATITIS B, WHOOPING COUGH, HAEMOPHILUS
PNEUMOCOCCAL, MENINGCOCAL