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Pathology > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

2 factors in Host – parasite relationship

A
  1. Properties of the parasite that enable them to produce disease
  2. Mechanisms by which the host defends itself against the parasites.
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2
Q

also influence the host-parasite relationship

A

environment

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3
Q

The most common successful host-parasite relationship is our own

A

microbial flora

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4
Q

Unsuccessful host-parasite relationship results to

A

infectious disease

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5
Q

– colonization of organisms in the host

A

infection

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6
Q

follows infection only if the presence of microorganisms or its products directly injure the host’s tissues. Usually produce signs and symptoms of the illness

A

disease

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7
Q

Mechanisms by which the host defends itself in the presence of invaders

A

I. Nonspecific host defense mechanisms
II. Specific host defense mechanisms

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8
Q

A. Humoral immune response
B. Cellular immune response

A

II. Specific host defense mechanisms

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9
Q

Barriers in the host against microorganisms:

A
  • first barrier
  • inflammation
  • lymphatic system
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10
Q

gross surface area which are the: skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract

A

first barrier

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11
Q
  • intact skin is impenetrable to most pathogenic microorganisms
    • desquamation
    • simple drying
    • fatty acids
A

skin

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12
Q
  • integrity of mucosal lining
    • peristaltic movement of intestine
    • defecation
    • acid pH of gastric secretion
A

gastrointestinal tract

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13
Q
  • hairs in the anterior nares
    • cilia of respiratory mucosa
    • mucous secretions
    • sneezing, coughing, epiglottic reflex
A

respiratory tract

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14
Q
  • intact mucous membranes
  • act of urination
  • acid pH of urine, vaginal secretion
A

genitourinary tract

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15
Q
  • a complex cellular response which varies with the specific type of organisms
A

INFLAMMATION

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16
Q
  • polymorphonuclears (neutrophils). Macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells eosinophils
  • phagocytosis is an important event in inflammation
A

cells participating in an inflammatory response

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17
Q
  • lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes
  • filters microorganisms
A

lymphatic system

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18
Q

the disease producing ability of the organisms

A

pathogenicity or virulence

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19
Q

Pathogenic properties of microorganisms

A

1.ability to attach to epithelial cells
2. virulence factors that promote pathogen survival and host tissue injury
3. ability to produce toxins
4. capacity for genetic change

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20
Q

– specific
Ex. Pili of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

ability to attach to epithelial cells

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21
Q

The capsule of certain bacteria protects them from phagocytosis

A

antiphagocytic factor

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22
Q

Hyaluronidase enzymes dissolve hyaluronic acid which form the cement substance between cells therefore facilitating the spread of inf.

A

spreading factor

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23
Q

virulence factors that promote pathogen survival and host tissue injury

A
  • antiphagocytic factor
  • spreading factor
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24
Q

ability to produce toxins – 2 types

A

exotoxins
endotoxins

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25
Q

– polypeptide in nature
- highly antigenic
- relatively unstable to heat

A

exotoxins

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26
Q

exotoxins, biologic activities:

A

a. cytotoxic effects
b. inhibition of protein synthesis
c. interference with neuronal transmission
d. effects on the transport of ions and water across cell membrane

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27
Q

– lipopolysaccharide in nature
- weakly antigenic
- relatively stable to heat

A

endotoxins

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28
Q

endotoxins, biologic activities:

A

a. production of fever
b. produce septic shock
c. leukopenia

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29
Q

– ability of organisms to undergo mutation

A

capacity for genetic change

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30
Q

the study of immunity

A

IMMUNOLOGY

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31
Q
  • ability of the immune system of the host to recognize antigens as self or nonself
  • means resistance to infection
A

immunity

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32
Q

reverse of immunity

A

susceptibility

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33
Q

Kinds of immunity

A
  1. Natural
    a. species
    b. racial
    c. individual immunity
  2. acquired
    a. active
    b. passive
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34
Q

Kinds of immunity
- innate, inherited

A

natural

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35
Q

Kinds of immunity
- acquired throughout the lifetime of the host

A

acquired

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36
Q

human/animal species

A

species

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37
Q

brown/white race

A

racial

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38
Q

Acquired Immunity, Active
- active infection, subclinical infection

A

natural

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39
Q

Acquired Immunity, Active
- immunization or vaccination

A

artificial

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40
Q

Acquired Immunity, Passive
- placental transfer of antibodies
- colostrum of milk

A

natural

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41
Q

Acquired Immunity, Passive
- administration of preformed antibodies

A

artificial

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42
Q

Immune responsiveness of the host is controlled by the ___ (HLA) complex or system in man which is located in the short anm of chromosome 6

A

human leukocyte antigen

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43
Q

Major Fucntions of the Immune System

A
  1. defense
  2. homeostasis
  3. surveillance
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44
Q

increased susceptibility to infection

A

hypofunction

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45
Q

allergy or hypersensitivity

A

hyperfunction

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46
Q

removal of worn-out cells or damaged cells

A

homeostasis

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47
Q

– autoimmune diseases

A

hyperactivity

48
Q

– recognition and removal of abnormal mutant cells

A

surveillance

49
Q

– development of tumor and malignancy or cancer

A

failure

50
Q

IMMUNOCYTOLOGY
Cells of the immune system belong to:

A
  1. Hematopoietic system
  2. Mononuclear (Monocytic) Phagocytic system
  3. Granulocytic system
  4. Lymphoid system
51
Q

Hematopoietic system

A

bone marrow stem cells -> non lymphoid precursor cells -> erythrocytes, thrombocytes, monocytes, granulocyes

bone marrow stem cells -> lymphoid precursor cells -> lymphocytes -> b cells & t cells

52
Q

Cells mainly involved in immune responses:

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Monocytes
  3. Granulocytes
53
Q
  • known before as reticuloendothelial system
  • principal cells are monocytes and macrophages
    • main function is phagocytosis; most efficient phagotic cells are macrophages
A

monocytic phagocytic system

54
Q
  • circulating in the blood
  • comprises 1-3% of total WRC
  • migrate to the tissues as macrophages
  • macrophages known by different names in the tissues
A

monocytes

55
Q

connective tissues

A

histiocytes

56
Q

– liver

A

kupffer cells

57
Q

lungs

A

alveolar macrophages

58
Q

most efficient phagotic cells are

A

macrophages

59
Q

– 5,000 to 10,000 cells/cu mm blood

A

WBC (white blood cell) count

60
Q

– increase, seen in acute bacterial infection

A

leukocytosis

61
Q

– decrease, viral infection

A

leukopenia

62
Q

– neutophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

A

differential count

63
Q

Granulocytic Phagocytes
- cytoplasm filled with granules

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
64
Q
  • 60 to 70% of total WBC count
  • most predominant phagocytic cells in the peripheral blood
  • increased in acute bacterial infection (neutrophilia)
A

neutrophils

65
Q

increased in acute bacterial infection

A

neutrophilia

66
Q
  • 3%
  • increased in parasitism and allergy
  • less efficient phagocytic activity
A

eosinophils

67
Q
  • 1%
  • granules contain chemical mediator such as histamine
A

basophils

68
Q

– ingestion of microorganisms or other foreign substances by phagocytic dells

A

phagocytes

69
Q

stages of phagocytes

A
  1. recognition
  2. attachment
  3. invagination of cell membrane and formation of phagocytic vacuole pr phagosome
  4. fusion of phagosome with lysosomal granules forming the phagolysosome, rupture of lysosome releasing its digestive enzymes into the phagosome, initiating the killing and digestion of foreign substance.
  5. extrusion of digestive debris.
70
Q

Lymphoid system
Classification of lymphoid organs and tissues

A
  1. central or primary
  2. peripheral or secondary
71
Q

a. Bone marrow
b. thymus

A

central or primary lymphoid organs & tissues

72
Q

a. lymph mode
b. spleen
c. bone marrow
d. GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) and MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

A

peripheral or secondary lymphoid organs & tissues

73
Q
  • tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix
A

GALT (gut-associated lymphoid tissue) and MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

74
Q

site of differentiation and maturation of B lymphocytes
- also a secondary lymphoid organ because it can be an important source of antibodies

A

Bone marrow

75
Q

– important organ in the young
- fully developed and functional at birth
- site of differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes
- master organ of the immune system

A

thymus

76
Q

– oval or bean-shaped structures that are regularly distributed throughout the lymphatics
- filter foreign substances from the lymph
- lymphadenopathy(enlargement); lymphadenitis (inflammation)

A

lymph node

77
Q

– largest mass of lymphoid tissues
- filters substances from the blood
- considered as graveyard of dying red cells

A

spleen

78
Q
  • principal cells of the lymphoid system
  • 30%
A

lymphocytes

79
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A

B & T Lymphocytes

80
Q
  • 70-80%
  • thymus
  • long-lived
  • bald
A

t lymphocytes

81
Q
  • 20%
  • bone marrow
A
82
Q
  • 20%
  • bone marrow
  • variable
  • hairy
A

b lymphocytes

83
Q

Specific immune responses
2 mechanisms that mediate a specific immune response:

A
  1. Humoral (antibody-mediated or AMI)
  2. Cellular (cell-mediated or CMI)
84
Q
  • governed by B lymphocytes
  • body’s main defense against bacterial infections
A

Humoral immune response

85
Q

activation of B lymphocytes by appropriate antigen results to proliferation into 2 groups of cells

A
  • plasma cells
  • memory B cells
86
Q

– responsible for direct synthesis of antibodies

A

plasma cells

87
Q

responsible for a more rapid secondary immune response

A

memory B cells

88
Q
  • Substance that can combine with specific antibody
  • substance that can stimulate a specific immune response
  • not recognized by the immune system as self
  • most are proteins, others are polysaccharides
A

Antigen (Ag)

89
Q
  • special forms of proteins that are produced upon antigenic stimulation of B lymphocytes
  • high concentration in serum of the blood
  • can be detected in the other body fluids like tears, saliva, urine, milk, cerebrospinal fluid, gastric secretions
A

Antibody (Ab) or immunoglobulins (Ig)

90
Q

Classes of immunoglobulins:

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgA
  3. IgM
  4. IgE
  5. IgD
91
Q

– most abundant
- longest life span
- most important protective antibodies
- pass through the placenta

A

IgG

92
Q

– second most abundant
- predominantly found in body fluids and portals of entry

A

IgA

93
Q

– largest antibody
- produced by fetus in utero, elevated during intrauterine infections

A

IgM

94
Q

– very low concentrations in the serum
- very little biologic functions

A

IgD

95
Q

– very low concentration in the serum
- responsible for the immediate type of allergy

A

IgE

96
Q
  • Y-shaped
  • antibody binding site
  • a pair of heavy chain and a pair of light chain
  • disulfide bonds
A

Ig

97
Q
  • governed by thymus dependent T lymphocytes
  • plays a central role in defense
A

cellular immune response

98
Q

activation of T cells by appropriate antigen results to :

A
  1. generation of T cells subsets
  2. release of immunoregulatory substances called cytokines which act as molecular signals in between immune cells
  3. memory T cells
99
Q

T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, T suppressor cells, T contrasuppressor cells, T delayed type hypersensitivity cells

A

T cells subsets

100
Q
  1. further activation of macrophages so they have more ability to destroy phagocytosed organisms
  2. cooperate with B lymphocytes in antibody production
  3. cancer surveillance
  4. graft rejection
  5. delayed hypersensitivity reaction
    6 defense against infections with acid fast organisms, fungal infections and termination of an ongoing viral infection
A

cellular immune response

101
Q

Characteristics of specific immune response

A
  1. highly specific
  2. wide variety of cell types and cell products that interact to produce an immune response
  3. memory
102
Q
  • harmful or unpleasant effect of immunity
  • immune response that injure or damage the host instead of protecting the host
A

allergy (hypersensitivity)

103
Q

– antigenic substance that can trigger allergy
- the tendency to develop allergy is hereditary

A

allergen

104
Q

allergen may reach the body via:

A
  1. respiratory route
  2. gastrointestinal tract
    3.direct contact with skin or mucous membranes
  3. mechanical injection
105
Q

kinds of allergy

A
  1. immediate type (type 1)
  2. delayed type (type IV)
106
Q
  • antibody-mediated
  • clinical types:
    a. skin urticaria and hives
    b. allergic rhinitis
    c. bronchial asthma
    d. anaphylactic shock
    e. immediate type of skin test
A

immediate type (type 1)

107
Q
  • cell-mediated
  • clinical types:
    a. contact allergy or dermatitis
    b. tuberculin test
A

delayed type (type IV)

108
Q

allergy to tubercle bacili

A

tuberculin test

109
Q

Allergen enter the body via portals of entry -> stimulate the production of specific IgE -> IgE attach to surface of mast cells (and basophils)

A

First exposure (sensitizing dose)

110
Q

Allergens combine with IgE attached to mast cells -> degranulation of mast cells -> release of highly active chemical mediator known as vasoactive amines, most important is histamine

A

Second or subsequent exposure to some allergen (challenging or provocative dosse)

111
Q

responsible for the signs and symptoms of allergy

A

vasoactive amines

112
Q
  1. Contraction of smooth muscles
  2. increase gastric secretions
  3. increase in nasal and lacrimal secretions
  4. increase vascular permeability
  5. vascular changes leading to vascular collapse
A

effects of vasoactive amines

113
Q

immune reaction against self-antigens

A

autoimmune diseases

114
Q
  • multisystem disease of autoimmune origin characterized by the presence of autoantibodies particularly anti-nuclear antibodies
A

Systemic lupus erythymatosus (SLE)

115
Q
  • severe form of chronic synovitis that sometimes lead to destruction of affected joints
  • circulating autoantibodies called rheumatoid factor (RF) against an altered IgG
A

Rheumatoid arthritis

116
Q
  • autoantibodies against thyrocytes
A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

117
Q
  • autoantibodies against the islet cells of the pancreas
A

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Pathology (3 decks)

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