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BIOLOGY A2 > IMMUNITY > Flashcards

IMMUNITY Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some of the first line of defense?

A

Skin, mucus membranes, secretions of the skin and mucus membranes .

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2
Q

What are some second line defense?

A

phagocytic leukocytes, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response, fever.

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3
Q

Third line of defense?

A

Lymphocytes, antibodies, memory cells.

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4
Q

What is the process of a phagocyte?

A

Attracted by hcemicals to the pathogen the membrane then invaginates beginning to enclsoe the pathogen, its then engulfed and invaginated forming a vesical, lysosomes fuse with the phagosome and release hydrolytic enzymes that hydrolise pathogen and digested soluable products are absorbed into cyptoplasm.

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5
Q

What is a specific immune response?

A

involves lymphocytes (B and T),pathogens have antigens on their surface recognised by the body as nonself, for each antigen a lymphocyte carries a protein receptor on it cell surface membrane.

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6
Q

How do lympocytes now what is self and what is non self?

A

noon self cells have antigens, lymphocytes have receptors complementary to the antigen. ( they fit like enzyme and substrate)

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7
Q

What is a B lymhpocyte?

A

Formed in the bone marrow, mature in bone marrow, there antibody mediated, secrete antibodies which counter the antigen carrying pathogens responding to bacterial or viral infection.

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8
Q

What is a T lymphocyte?

A

form in stem cells in bone marrow, mature in thymus gland, cell mediated response, attack infected cells with the antigen presented on the cell surface respond to cells affected by viral infection.

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9
Q

Describe a lymphocytes activation?

A

display antigens on surface, comes into contact with antigen, lymphocyte is sensitised, gene is activated, lymphocytes sesitised divide mitosis.

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10
Q

Why may a person suffer symtoms even tho their lymphocytes have been activated?

A

This may take time so thats y the person suffers.

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11
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Cell mediated immunity and antibody mediated immunity.

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12
Q

Explain antibody mediated immunity?

A

Targets bacteria, production of antibodies.

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13
Q

Explain the process of antibody meditated immunity?

A

bacteria invades the bloodstream of the host, antigen sestitise specific B cells, sensitised B cells divide by mitosis to form plasma cells and memory cells (long term immunity), plasma cells secrete antibodies and bacteria is destroyed (agglutination).

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14
Q

How are pathogens immobilised?

A

through an antigen andtibody complex.

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15
Q

What is the second encounter with a pathogen in the body known as?

A

The secondary immune response?

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16
Q

Explain cell mediated immunity?

A

The production of T cells is stimulated by the boduys own cells which have chnaged due to the pressence of non self material.

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17
Q

What is the response brought about by antigen presenting cells?

A

Host cells presents antigens on the cell surface membrane, antigen recognised by correct T cell, sensitised Tcell divides by mitosis producing killer T cells, helper cells and mamory cells, killer Tcells recognise and destroy infected cells.

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18
Q

What killer T cells can also destroy?

A

cancer cells, cells of transplated tissue, secrete interferon.

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19
Q

What helper T cells do?

A

stimulate other cells involved in the immune response.

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20
Q

What do suppressor T cells do?

A

Suppress the immune response, when required, can switch off immune response when invading microbes and infected cells have been destroyed, important in preventing autoimmune responses.

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21
Q

What do memory T cells do?

A

Circulate in bodily fluids and respond rapidly to future infection by the same pathogen, can clone rapidly to produce large numbers of T lymphocytes.

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22
Q

What are the two types of phagocytes and what is their function?

A

macrophages and polymophs, engulf and digest pathogens.

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23
Q

What are the four types of T cells and what are each of their functions?

A

Helper - stimulate B cells to dived and secrete antibodies.
Killer - kill abnormal cells presenting antigens.
Memory cells - remain in bodily fluid to provide long term immunity,
Suppressor - suppress the immune response.

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24
Q

What are the two types of B cells and their functions?

A

Plasma -secrete antibodies.
Memory - remain in bodily fluid to provide long term immunity.

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25
Q

What are some traditional methods of antibody production? (horses)

A

Immunise animals with weakened pathogens or their inactivated toxins. Animals produces antibodies, serum from an animla given to those requiring rapid immunity.

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26
Q

What is Monoclonal antibody production?

A

When a specific antigen is injected into a mouse.

27
Q

Explain monoclonal antibody production?

A

The antigen that is getting injected into the mouse is sensitised and cloned by B-lymphocyte, cells removed from mouse, B-lymphocyte cells are nyarolysed with cancer cells to produce long living lymphocytes that produce antibodies in a fermenter.

28
Q

What are the advantages of monoclonal antibody production?

A

Can be produced in large quantities in a lab, can produce a single type of antibody as opposed to a range.

29
Q

What are features of a primary response?

A

Delayed start, slower production, lower maximum, lasts a shorter time.

30
Q

What are the features of a secondary response?

A

Immediate start, faster production, higher maximum, Lasts for a longer time.

31
Q

What sort of immunity is a vaccine?

A

They are active immunity

32
Q

Explain what a vaccine does?

A

Allows a dead or weakened form of the pathogen to be introduced into the body, modified harmless toxins are released by the pathogen, triggering an immune response and antibodies are produced.

33
Q

How can isolated pathogenic antigens be made?

A

By genetic engineering.

34
Q

What is the importance of vaccines?

A

Fewer sick people needing cared for, healthy children preform better, benefit economy as there’s less ill, productivity increases, herd immunity.

35
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Large portion of the community become immune to a disease via vaccination or recovery, protects those that can’t be vaccinated.

36
Q

What does a successful organ transplant rely on?

A

Tissue typing, Xrays, Immunosuppression.

37
Q

What is tissue typing?

A

determines compatibility of donor and recipient antigens, as you need to find the optimal match, likely between relatives.

38
Q

How does an organ transplant rely on Xrays?

A

inhibits lymphocyte production, slowing down rejection.

39
Q

How does an organ transplant rely on immunosuppression?

A

They are drugs to inhibit DNA replication, cell division, cloning of lymphocytes- delaying rejection.

40
Q

What are the side effects of immunosuppression?

A

increased risk of infection if given too much, must be taken long term.

41
Q

How is blood classified?

A

Red blood cells have antigens on cell surface membrane, possible antigens are antigen A and B, will also have antibodies in plasma.

42
Q

Go to page about ABO blood groups and learn grid.

A

.

43
Q

What is agglutination?

A

When antibodies encounter corresponding they form antigen, -antibody complexes formed - agglutination of blood (antigen and corresponding are never in same person)

44
Q

Why are the antibodies in the plasma of the donor are ignored during transfusion?

A

Donated blood is mostly red blood cells, volume of donated plasma is insignificant, insignificant numbers of anti A or B antigens will be transfused into the recipient. Dilution effect.

45
Q

Explain the dilution effect?

A

Small volume of blood transferred compared to total volume of blood in comparison to recipient blood.

46
Q

Explain what a universal donor is?

A

Blood group O lacks A and B antigens, can be transfused to any blood group.

47
Q

Explain a universal recipient?

A

Blood group AB, lacks anti A and B, can receive blood from any blood group. (lacks antibodies)

48
Q

What is another way to classify blood?

A

The rhesus system.

49
Q

Explain the rhesus system?

A

Looks at the presence or absence of the rhesus marker protein (antigen D), rhesus negative do not have anti D antibodies in plasma but can produce them in response to antigen D.

50
Q

What would happen if a rhesus negative individual was given rhesus positive in the first blood transfusion?

A

rhesus positive blood transfusion can cause rhesus negative person to make antibodies against the rh antigen (antigen D)

51
Q

What would happen if more blood transitions happened?

A

Anti D (formed in the first response) would respond to rh antigen and cause agglutination.

52
Q

What is haemolytic disease of the newborn?

A

When the foetal red blood cells are destroyed faster than they can be made.

53
Q

How would you eliminate the chance of haemolytic disease?

A

Give the foetus blood transfusions as it develops in the uterus inject, he mother with anti D after delivery. which will destroy foetal blood cells in the mother’s body before she sensitized to make her own (passive immunity)

54
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

There is genetic diversity within bacterial populations, they may poses alleles that confer resistance to effects of the antibiotic, some arise through mutation.

55
Q

What is the mode of action for penicillin resistant bacteria?

A

produce penicillinase to break penicillin down exporting active ingredient out of cells before it can work.

56
Q

Why would the number of deaths have decreased?

A

More rigorous hospital hygiene, more effective isolation of patients, more cautious approach to antibiotic use, new targeted drug treatments.

57
Q

How does discovering new antibiotics affect the economy?

A

Benefits the economy as there are more effective treatments, less treatment costs, less time off work.

58
Q

What are factors affecting the spread of disease?

A

How easily it spreads from person to person, how likely is it that someone will fall ill if infected, is vaccination available, bacterial resistance.

59
Q

Wht is an epidemic?

A

It is a disease that affects a large number of the people within a community, population or region.

60
Q

What is a pandemic?

A

An epidemic that has spread over multiple countries or continents.

61
Q

Why are bats a suitable reservoir for disease?

A

Similar physiology to humans, social animals - in contact with large numbers of other bats, high proportion of population are carriers so there’s a high chance of cross infection, fly large ranges so they’re in contact with other animals.

62
Q

How is ELISA carried out?

A

Body fluids of patients are added to a number of wells on a plate and a range of antibodies are added to wells, reaction between antibody and antigen triggers the enzyme reaction leading to a colour change thus identifying the antigens or molecules present.

63
Q

Explain pregnancy testing?

A

Detects chronic levels of human chronic gandatrophin hormone Hc6 antigens are detected by complementary Hc6 antibodies immobilized on the elisa plate. antigen- antibody complex triggers an enzyme reaction that leads to a colour change.

64
Q

What are cytokines?

A

small proteins that help coordinate the immune response, released by T helper cells, found in blood used as biomarkers of disease.

BIOLOGY A2 (3 decks)

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