Immunities

Question 1

What is Immunity?

Answer 1

Physiologic process that provides an individual with protection or defense from disease

Question 2

Two types of Immunity

Answer 2

Acquired Immunity - produced by prior exposure or antibody production.

Innate Immunity - Genetically determined no prior exposure of antibody production involved.

Question 3

Active Immunity

Answer 3

Produced by antibodies that develop in response to antigens. (Immune response)

Question 4

Passive Immunity

Answer 4

Produced by transfer of antibodies from another person. (Placenta or milk)

Question 5

Naturally acquired immunity

Answer 5

Develops after exposure to antigens in environment.

Question 6

Induced active immunity

Answer 6

Develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease.

Question 7

Induced passive immunity

Answer 7

Confered by administration of antibodies to combat infection.

Question 8

Naturally passive Immunity

Answer 8

Confered by transfer of maternal antibodies accross placenta or in breast milk.

Question 9

Attributes of Immunity

Answer 9

●Normal WBC and differential counts
●Negative bacterial and viral cultures
●soft non tender lymph nodes
●Recognition of self
● recognition of foreign proteins

Question 10

Malnutrition -Protein

Answer 10

Question 11

Antigen

Answer 11

Proteins that induce an immune response when they enter the body. Antigens can be found within:
Microorganisms
Vaccines
Transplanted organs
Allergens (animal dander, pollen, foods)

Question 12

Inflammation

Answer 12

Cellular response to injury, infection, or irritation.

Question 13

Localized signs and symptoms

Answer 13

Redness
Swelling
Heat
Pain
Loss of function

Question 14

Systemic signs and symptoms

Answer 14

Fever
Increased white blood cells
Malaise
Anorexia
Nausea/vomiting
Lymph node tenderness/enlargement
Organ Failure

Question 15

Inflammatory response

Answer 15

Inflammation is a non-specific response to something that is harmful to the body (e.g., infection, injury, or allergen).

Question 16

Chronic Inflammation
Chronic response

Answer 16

●Cause of inflammation remains active
●Tissue destruction continues
●Scar tissue may continue to form rather than normal functional tissue
●Response to infections is inadequate
●Patient experiences chronic symptoms (e.g., pain)
●Inflammation plays a role in many chronic diseases

Question 17

Allergic Response

Answer 17

■Hypersensitive immunereactionto a substance that normally is harmless or would not cause an immuneresponsein everyone.
~Mild
~Life threatening
■Histamine released/{ histamine what causes symptoms/ allergy med cause antihistamine}
■Body produces antibody to the substance

Question 18

Factors Incresing Host Susceptibility to Infection

Answer 18

■Developmental
■Breaks in the first line of defense
■Illness or injury/chronic disease
■Smoking
■Substance Abuse
■Multiple Sex Partners
■Environmental Factors
■Invasive procedures
■Suppressed immune system/medications

Question 19

Malnutrition

Answer 19

●Infections are frequent and chronic in malnutrition

●Protein –energy malnutrition results in thymus changes

●Micronutrients deficiency affects innate and adaptive immune response

Question 20

Micronutrients

Answer 20

■Iron
■Zinc
■Copper
■Selenium
■Vitamins

Question 21

Vitamins
C

Answer 21

C – stimulates production, function and movement of leukocytes. Increases levels of antibodies.

Question 22

Vitamin D

Answer 22

D – limits inflammatory response promoted by specific T cell types.

Question 23

Vitamin A

Answer 23

A – helps maintain structural and functional integrity of mucosal cells in innate barriers

Question 24

Vitamin E

Answer 24

E – antioxidant and protects integrity of cell membranes. Enhances T cell functions and lymphocyte proliferation.

Question 25

Vitamin B6

Answer 25

B6 – Helps regulate inflammation. Has a role in antibody production.

Question 26

Vitamin B12

Answer 26

B12 – Facilitates production of T lymphocytes

Question 27

Folate

Answer 27

Folate – maintains innate immunity and has roles in cell immunity

Question 28

Zinc

Answer 28

Zinc – maintains skin and mucosal membrane integrity. Central role in cellular growth and differentiation of immune cells.

Question 29

Iron

Answer 29

Iron – Forms a highly toxic hydroxyl radicals involved in killing bacteria. Important in proliferation of T lymphocytes. Helps blood

Question 30

Copper

Answer 30

Copper – antimicrobial properties. Has roles in both T cell proliferation, antibody production and cellular immunity.

Question 31

Selenium

Answer 31

Selenium – Involved in T lymphocyte proliferation, humoral system and immunoglobulin production.

Question 32

Stress and Immune system

Answer 32

●Corticosteroid – stress hormone suppresses the immune system./ too many corticosteroids (meant to fight infection) will mess up our immune response

●Decreases T cells
●Unhealthy coping strategies
~Drinking
~Smoking
~Insomnia

Question 33

Exercise.

Answer 33

■Increase T-cells
■Lowers levels of inflammation
■Causes WBC to circulate more rapidly
■Greater response to vaccines
■Flushes out toxins from the body through sweat, urine and respiratory tract.

Question 34

Older Adults

Answer 34

■Less able to distinguish self from non-self
■Macrophages(eat) destroy antigens more slowly
■T-cells respond less quickly to antigens
■White blood cells are fewer therefore the body is less able to remember and defend itself
■Antibodies become less able to attach to antigens
■Decrease in thirst therefore an increase in UTIs

Question 35

Nursing Intervention

Answer 35

■Nutrition
■Hygiene/Hand Hygiene
■Immunization
■Adequate Rest and Exercise
■Education