Immunisations Immunotherapy Flashcards
What is/are the immunizations?
the action of making a person or animal resistant to a particular infectious disease or pathogen, typically by vaccination
What are the types of immunity?
Active and Passive immunity
Active Immunity results when exposure to a……….. triggers the………. to produce…….to that disease. Active immunity can be acquired through………….. or…………immunity.
Active Immunity results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease. Active immunity can be acquired through natural immunity or vaccine-induced immunity.
What is natural and vaccine induced (artificial), active immunity?
-Natural immunity is acquired from exposure to the disease organism through infection with the actual disease.
-Vaccine-induced (artificial) immunity is acquired through the introduction of a killed or weakened form of the disease organism through vaccination.
Passive immunity is provided when a person is……….to a disease rather than………. through his or her own………..
Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.
What is natural and artificial, passive immunity?
Natural, passive immunity occurs when a baby receives a mother’s antibodies through the placenta or breast milk.
Artificial passive immunity is conferred by the injection of antibodies generated by a different person or animal, or artificially in the laboratory, into an individual.
The major advantage to passive immunity is that protection is…………, whereas active immunity……….. (usually………..) to develop. However, passive immunity lasts only for……………… Only active immunity is………………
The major advantage to passive immunity is that protection is immediate, whereas active immunity takes time (usually several weeks) to develop. However, passive immunity lasts only for a few weeks or months. Only active immunity is long-lasting.
What is Vaccination?
The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific disease.
Principle of Vaccination
To administer a……………. form of an infectious agent, or a………… of a microbe, that does not cause disease but elicits an……………. that provides protection against infection by the…………………
Principle of Vaccination
To administer a killed or attenuated form of an infectious agent, or a component of a microbe, that does not cause disease but elicits an immune response that provides protection against infection by the live, pathogenic microbe.
What are Live attenuated vaccines?
-Vaccines that contain the whole pathogen which has been weakened.
* They create strong immune responses as they most resemble natural infection i.e. Long-lasting and decreased boosters needed
* Not to be given to immunocompromised individuals
* Possibility of reverting to actual pathogen
* Refrigeration is necessary
Examples of Live attenuated vaccines
MMR, Rotavirus, Smallpox, Chickenpox, Yellow Fever, BCG against TB, Polio (Sabin)
What are Inactivated Vaccines?
Vaccines that contain the whole pathogen that has been killed or inactivated
* No replication
* Safe for immunocompromised individuals
* Not as strong immune response in comparison to live attenuated
vaccines
Examples of Live inactivated vaccines
Hepatitis A, Flu, Polio (Salk), Rabies
What are Subunit Vaccines?
Vaccines that contain one or more specific antigens from the pathogen
* Strong immune response against the target antigen
* May not create as strong of an immune response in comparison to LAV.
* Adjuvants often needed
Recombinant Protein Vaccines
Utilise bacterial or yeast cells
* DNA from pathogen is inserted into bacterium or yeast cell’s genetic material
* Pathogen’s protein is made and purifed for the vaccine
Recombinant Protein Vaccine examples
Hep B, MenB , HPV
Toxoid Vaccines
Toxoid vaccines use toxoids (Inactivated bacterial toxins) (as antigens) to induce an immune response in protecting against diseases caused by toxins secreted by specific bacteria.
Toxoid Vaccine examples
Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus
Conjugate vaccines fight a type of bacteria that has……… with an outer coating of…………called…………… which disguises the antigen, making it hard for a young child’s immature immune system to recognize it and respond to it.
Conjugate vaccines fight a type of bacteria that has antigens with an outer coating of sugar-like substances called polysaccharides which disguises the antigen, making it hard for a young child’s immature immune system to recognize it and respond to it.
How conjugate vaccines work
They induce a longer lasting immune
response against polysaccharides by
attaching it to a component that makes
a strong immune response
What are Virus Like Particles Vaccine?
Closely resemble viruses but lacking genetic material
* Naturally occuring
* Synthesized by the individual expression of a viral structural protein
* Manufactured to present another pathogen’s antigen or multiple pathogens’ antigens
* Presence of multiple copies of an antigen on its surface stimulates an immune response stronger than if there was a single copy
* VLP can act as adjuvants
Virus Like Particles Vaccine examples
Hep B, HPV
Outer Membrane Vesicles Vaccines
-Bleb of the bacterial outer cell membrane
-Naturally produced
* Consists of cell-membrane Ags
* Non-infectious
-Can act as adjuvants
Outer Membrane Vesicles Vaccine example
MenB vaccine
Nucleic Acid Vaccines
Genetic instructions of the antigen provided to the individual’s cells
* Cells produce the antigen, stimulating an
immune response
RNA Vaccines
mRNA enclosed in a lipid membrane
* Protects the mRNA upon entry
* Assists in entry into cells via fusion with the cell membrane
* Lasts a few days before broken down and removed
* Antigen is made and stimulates an immune response
DNA Vaccines
-More stable than RNA vaccines
* Uses electroporation to deliver (Low level electronic waves facilitate uptake of DNA vaccine by cells)
* Many in development, however none licensed presently
Viral Vector Vaccines
Harmless viruses utilised to deliver the genetic information of target vaccine Ags to the individual’s cells
* Cells produce the Ag and stimulate an immune response
* Grown in cell lines
* Developed quickly and cheaper to produce
Replicating Viral Vector
Make new viral particles along with delivering the vaccine antigen
* Continuous source of vaccine antigen over an extended time
Non-Replicating Vector Vaccines
No new viral particles being made yet vaccine antigen is delivered to cell
* Vaccine Ag produced as long as the initial vaccine remains in infected cells
What are the common components of vaccines?
Active components
Adjuvants
Antibiotics
Stabilisers
Preservatives
Trace components
What are Adjuvants, in the context of vaccines?
They are defined as components capable of enhancing and/or shaping antigen-specific immune responses.
- Modern adjuvant development is based on enhancing and shaping vaccine-induced responses without compromising safety by selectively adding well-defined molecules, formulations or both.
Many adjuvants can act as……….. for………… that activate an…………
* Receptor signalling can then activate……………. that induce the production of……….and…………. that help direct a particular immune response, such as a……. or …….. type response, as well
as influence the…………. cells that are recruited to the site of injection.
Many adjuvants can act as ligands for PRRs that activate an innate immune response.
* Receptor signalling can then activate transcription factors that induce the production of cytokines and chemokines that help direct a particular immune response, such as a TH1 or TH2 type response, as well
as influence the immune cells that are recruited to the site of injection.
Activation of the………leads to the production of the proinflammatory cytokines…… and………
* Some adjuvants also influence antigen presentation by………
Activation of the inflammasome leads to the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18.
* Some adjuvants also influence antigen presentation by MHC.
