Immunisations Immunotherapy

Question 1

What is/are the immunizations?

Answer 1

the action of making a person or animal resistant to a particular infectious disease or pathogen, typically by vaccination

Question 2

What are the types of immunity?

Answer 2

Active and Passive immunity

Question 3

Active Immunity results when exposure to a……….. triggers the………. to produce…….to that disease. Active immunity can be acquired through………….. or…………immunity.

Answer 3

Active Immunity results when exposure to a disease organism triggers the immune system to produce antibodies to that disease. Active immunity can be acquired through natural immunity or vaccine-induced immunity.

Question 4

What is natural and vaccine induced (artificial), active immunity?

Answer 4

-Natural immunity is acquired from exposure to the disease organism through infection with the actual disease.

-Vaccine-induced (artificial) immunity is acquired through the introduction of a killed or weakened form of the disease organism through vaccination.

Question 5

Passive immunity is provided when a person is……….to a disease rather than………. through his or her own………..

Answer 5

Passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies to a disease rather than producing them through his or her own immune system.

Question 6

What is natural and artificial, passive immunity?

Answer 6

Natural, passive immunity occurs when a baby receives a mother’s antibodies through the placenta or breast milk.

Artificial passive immunity is conferred by the injection of antibodies generated by a different person or animal, or artificially in the laboratory, into an individual.

Question 7

The major advantage to passive immunity is that protection is…………, whereas active immunity……….. (usually………..) to develop. However, passive immunity lasts only for……………… Only active immunity is………………

Answer 7

The major advantage to passive immunity is that protection is immediate, whereas active immunity takes time (usually several weeks) to develop. However, passive immunity lasts only for a few weeks or months. Only active immunity is long-lasting.

Question 8

What is Vaccination?

Answer 8

The act of introducing a vaccine into the body to produce protection from a specific disease.

Question 9

Principle of Vaccination
To administer a……………. form of an infectious agent, or a………… of a microbe, that does not cause disease but elicits an……………. that provides protection against infection by the…………………

Answer 9

Principle of Vaccination
To administer a killed or attenuated form of an infectious agent, or a component of a microbe, that does not cause disease but elicits an immune response that provides protection against infection by the live, pathogenic microbe.

Question 10

What are Live attenuated vaccines?

Answer 10

-Vaccines that contain the whole pathogen which has been weakened.
* They create strong immune responses as they most resemble natural infection i.e. Long-lasting and decreased boosters needed
* Not to be given to immunocompromised individuals
* Possibility of reverting to actual pathogen
* Refrigeration is necessary

Question 11

Examples of Live attenuated vaccines

Answer 11

MMR, Rotavirus, Smallpox, Chickenpox, Yellow Fever, BCG against TB, Polio (Sabin)

Question 12

What are Inactivated Vaccines?

Answer 12

Vaccines that contain the whole pathogen that has been killed or inactivated
* No replication
* Safe for immunocompromised individuals
* Not as strong immune response in comparison to live attenuated
vaccines

Question 13

Examples of Live inactivated vaccines

Answer 13

Hepatitis A, Flu, Polio (Salk), Rabies

Question 14

What are Subunit Vaccines?

Answer 14

Vaccines that contain one or more specific antigens from the pathogen
* Strong immune response against the target antigen
* May not create as strong of an immune response in comparison to LAV.
* Adjuvants often needed

Question 15

Recombinant Protein Vaccines

Answer 15

Utilise bacterial or yeast cells
* DNA from pathogen is inserted into bacterium or yeast cell’s genetic material
* Pathogen’s protein is made and purifed for the vaccine

Question 16

Recombinant Protein Vaccine examples

Answer 16

Hep B, MenB , HPV

Question 17

Toxoid Vaccines

Answer 17

Toxoid vaccines use toxoids (Inactivated bacterial toxins) (as antigens) to induce an immune response in protecting against diseases caused by toxins secreted by specific bacteria.

Question 18

Toxoid Vaccine examples

Answer 18

Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus

Question 19

Conjugate vaccines fight a type of bacteria that has……… with an outer coating of…………called…………… which disguises the antigen, making it hard for a young child’s immature immune system to recognize it and respond to it.

Answer 19

Conjugate vaccines fight a type of bacteria that has antigens with an outer coating of sugar-like substances called polysaccharides which disguises the antigen, making it hard for a young child’s immature immune system to recognize it and respond to it.

Question 20

How conjugate vaccines work

Answer 20

They induce a longer lasting immune
response against polysaccharides by
attaching it to a component that makes
a strong immune response

Question 21

What are Virus Like Particles Vaccine?

Answer 21

Closely resemble viruses but lacking genetic material
* Naturally occuring
* Synthesized by the individual expression of a viral structural protein
* Manufactured to present another pathogen’s antigen or multiple pathogens’ antigens
* Presence of multiple copies of an antigen on its surface stimulates an immune response stronger than if there was a single copy
* VLP can act as adjuvants

Question 22

Virus Like Particles Vaccine examples

Answer 22

Hep B, HPV

Question 23

Outer Membrane Vesicles Vaccines

Answer 23

-Bleb of the bacterial outer cell membrane
-Naturally produced
* Consists of cell-membrane Ags
* Non-infectious
-Can act as adjuvants

Question 24

Outer Membrane Vesicles Vaccine example

Answer 24

MenB vaccine

Question 25

Nucleic Acid Vaccines

Answer 25

Genetic instructions of the antigen provided to the individual’s cells
* Cells produce the antigen, stimulating an
immune response

Question 26

RNA Vaccines

Answer 26

mRNA enclosed in a lipid membrane
* Protects the mRNA upon entry
* Assists in entry into cells via fusion with the cell membrane
* Lasts a few days before broken down and removed
* Antigen is made and stimulates an immune response

Question 27

DNA Vaccines

Answer 27

-More stable than RNA vaccines
* Uses electroporation to deliver (Low level electronic waves facilitate uptake of DNA vaccine by cells)
* Many in development, however none licensed presently

Question 28

Viral Vector Vaccines

Answer 28

Harmless viruses utilised to deliver the genetic information of target vaccine Ags to the individual’s cells
* Cells produce the Ag and stimulate an immune response
* Grown in cell lines
* Developed quickly and cheaper to produce

Question 29

Replicating Viral Vector

Answer 29

Make new viral particles along with delivering the vaccine antigen
* Continuous source of vaccine antigen over an extended time

Question 30

Non-Replicating Vector Vaccines

Answer 30

No new viral particles being made yet vaccine antigen is delivered to cell
* Vaccine Ag produced as long as the initial vaccine remains in infected cells

Question 31

What are the common components of vaccines?

Answer 31

Active components
Adjuvants
Antibiotics
Stabilisers
Preservatives
Trace components

Question 32

What are Adjuvants, in the context of vaccines?

Answer 32

They are defined as components capable of enhancing and/or shaping antigen-specific immune responses.

• Modern adjuvant development is based on enhancing and shaping vaccine-induced responses without compromising safety by selectively adding well-defined molecules, formulations or both.

Question 33

Many adjuvants can act as……….. for………… that activate an…………
* Receptor signalling can then activate……………. that induce the production of……….and…………. that help direct a particular immune response, such as a……. or …….. type response, as well
as influence the…………. cells that are recruited to the site of injection.

Answer 33

Many adjuvants can act as ligands for PRRs that activate an innate immune response.
* Receptor signalling can then activate transcription factors that induce the production of cytokines and chemokines that help direct a particular immune response, such as a TH1 or TH2 type response, as well
as influence the immune cells that are recruited to the site of injection.

Question 34

Activation of the………leads to the production of the proinflammatory cytokines…… and………
* Some adjuvants also influence antigen presentation by………

Answer 34

Activation of the inflammasome leads to the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18.
* Some adjuvants also influence antigen presentation by MHC.