Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Systems: Infection AB > Immunisations and Prophylaxis > Flashcards

Immunisations and Prophylaxis Flashcards

1
Q

Who receives immunisations?

A
  • Childhood schedule
  • Specialist patient groups
  • Occupational hazards
  • Travelers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who receives prophylactic medications?

A
  • Travelers
  • Post exposure
  • Post-exposure HIV
  • Surgical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A
  • Innate immunity

- Adaptive immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the types of adaptive immunity?

A

Natural

  • Passive (maternal)
  • Active (infection)

Artificial

  • Passive (antibody transfer)
  • Active (immunisation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is your innate immune system?

A

Immunity you are born with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Immunity when the body adapts to the environment and stimuli which can be natural or artificial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who created the smallpox vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What types of vaccines are there?

A
  • Live attenuated
  • Inactivated (killed)
  • Detoxified exotoxin
  • Subunit of micro-organism (purified microbial products or recombinant)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give examples of live attenuated vaccines.

A
  • Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
  • BCG
  • Varicella-zoster virus
  • Yellow fever
  • Smallpox
  • Typhoid (oral)
  • Polio (oral)
  • Rotavirus (oral)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give examples of inactivated vaccines.

A
  • Polio (in combined vaccine D/T/P/Hib)
  • Hepatitis A
  • Cholera (oral)
  • Rabies
  • Japanese encephalitis
  • Tick-borne encephalitis
  • Influenza
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are detoxified exotoxin vaccines created?

A

Toxin is treated with formalin to form a toxoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give examples of detoxified exotoxin vaccines.

A
  • Diphtheria

- Tetanus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Give examples of subunit vaccines.

A
  • Pertussis (acellular)
  • Haemophilus influenzae type b
  • Meningococcus (group C) (conjugated: capsular polysaccharide antigen & Corynebacterium diphtheria protein)
  • Pneumococcus
  • Typhoid
  • Anthrax
  • Hepatitis B
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe how recombinant vaccines are created using hepatitis B as an example.

A
  • DNA segment coding for HBsAg is removed, purified and mixed with plasmids
  • It is inserted into yeast and fermented
  • HBsAg is produced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a secondary response to an infection known as?

A

Immunological memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the primary antibody response to infection

A

Primary

  • Delayed response
  • IgM increases followed by IgG

Secondary

  • Almost immediate response
  • IgM response followed by IgG
  • IgG continues to rise after IgM begins to fall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the immune response to killed and live vaccines

A

Killed

  • Response increases and decreases
  • After each administration the immune response increases, building immunity

Live
-After first dose immunity grows and plateaus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the components of the 6 in 1 Infanrix hexa vaccine?

A
  • D= purified diphtheria toxoid
  • T= purified tetanus toxoid
  • aP= purified Bordetella pertussis
  • IPV= inactivated polio virus
  • Hib= purified component of Haemophilus influenzae b
  • HBV= hepatitis B rDNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: 2 months

A
  • 6 in 1
  • Pneumococcal conjugate
  • Rotavirus
  • Men B
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: 3 months

A
  • 6 in 1

- Rotavirus

21
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: 4 months

A
  • 6 in 1
  • Pneumococcal conjugate
  • Men B
22
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: 1 year

A
  • Hip/Men C
  • MMR
  • Pneumococcal conjugate
  • Men B
23
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: 2-8 years

A

-Influenza nasal

24
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: 3-5 years

A
  • 4 in 1 booster (DTaP/IPV)

- MMR

25
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: girls 12-13

A

HPV

26
Q

UK childhood immunisation schedule: 14 years

A
  • 3 in 1 booster (dT/IPV)

- Men ACWY

27
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When sufficient levels of the population are immunised, those who aren’t (unable to be) should be protected as well

28
Q

What immunisations are associated with special patient and occupation groups?

A
  • BCG
  • Influenza
  • Pneumococcal
  • Hepatitis B
  • Varicella-zoster (chickenpox)
  • Herpes-zoster (shingles)
29
Q

Who receives the BCG vaccine?

A
  • Some infants 0-12 months who are in high risk areas or have parents/grandparents born in high risk areas
  • New immigrants from high risk areas
  • Contacts (<35 years) of respiratory TB patients
  • Healthcare workers
  • Children screened at school for TB risk factors, tested and vaccinated if appropriate
30
Q

What are the indications for the influenza vaccine?

A
  • Age >65 years
  • Nursing home residents
  • Some health care workers
  • Immunodeficiency,
  • Immunosuppression
  • Asplenia/hyposplenism
  • Chronic liver disease
  • Chronic renal disease
  • Chronic cardiac disease
  • Chronic lung disease
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Coeliac disease
  • Pregnant women
  • Heath care workers
31
Q

What is the influenza vaccine?

A
  • A new vaccine each year to protect against Influenza A and B
  • A and B change antigenic structure (Haemagluttins,H and neraminidases, N on the surface of the virus)
  • Single dose, caution in egg allergies
32
Q

What are the 2 pneumococcal vaccinations available?

A

Pneumococcal conjugate polysaccharide vaccine(13 serotypes)

  • Childhood immunisation schedule
  • 3 doses

Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23 serotypes)

  • For those at increased risk of infection
  • Single dose
33
Q

What are the indications for the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine?

A
  • Immunodeficiency
  • Immunosuppression
  • Asplenia/hyposplenism
  • Sickle cell disease
  • Chronic liver disease
  • Chronic renal disease
  • Chronic cardiac disease
  • Chronic lung disease
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Coeliac disease
34
Q

Who receives the hepatitis B vaccination?

A
  • All new born children from 2018 (6-in-1)
  • Children at high risk of exposure to HBV
  • Health care workers, PWID, MSM, prisoners, ch. liver disease, ch. kidney disease,
  • Given at 0, 1 month,2 months and 1 year
35
Q

Who receives the varicella-zoster vaccine?

A
  • Patients who have a suppressed immune systems, for examplehaving cancer treatment or organ transplant
  • Children if in contact with those at risk of severe vzv
  • Health case workers (if sero-neg and in contact with patients)
36
Q

What type of vaccine is the VZ vaccine?

A

Live attenuated

37
Q

What type of vaccine is the herpes-zoster vaccine?

A

Live attenuated

38
Q

Who receives the herpes zoster vaccine?

A

All elderly patients (70-80 years)

39
Q

What is human normal immunoglobulin?

A
  • Contains antibodies against hepatitis A, rubella, measles
  • Used in immunoglobulin deficiencies
  • Treatment of some autoimmune disorders, e.g. myasthenia gravis
40
Q

Give examples of disease specific immunoglobulins (post-exposure).

A
  • Hepatitis B Ig
  • Rabies Ig
  • Tetanus anti-toxin Ig
  • Varicella (chickenpox) Ig
  • Diphtheria anti-toxin Ig (horse)
  • Botulinum anti-toxin Ig
41
Q

What risk assessment must be carried out when thinking about immunising travellers?

A
  • Health of Traveller
  • Previous immunisation and prophylaxis
  • Area to be visited
  • Duration of visit
  • Accommodation
  • Activities
  • Remote areas
  • Recent outbreaks
42
Q

Where can you find out information about travel requirements?

A
  • BNF
  • Green book
  • Internet
  • Schools of tropical medicine
43
Q

What general measures be taken into account when traveling?

A
  • Care with food/water
  • Hand washing
  • Sunburn / Sunstroke
  • Altitude
  • Road traffic accidents
  • Safer sex
  • Mosquitoes - bed nets, sprays, “cover up”
44
Q

What are common immunisations for travellers?

A
  • Tetanus
  • Polio
  • Typhoid
  • Hepatitis A
  • Yellow fever (requires a yellow certificate once received as evidence)
  • Cholera
45
Q

What are some specific immunisations required for some travellers?

A
  • Meningococcus A, C, W, Y
  • Rabies
  • Diphtheria
  • Japanese B encephalitis
  • Tick borne encephalitis
46
Q

What is the ABCD of malaria prevention?

A
  • Awareness of risk
  • Bite prevention
  • Chemoprophylaxis
  • Diagnosis and treatment
47
Q

How can mosquito bites be prevented?

A
  • Cover-up at dawn and dusk
  • Insect repellent sprays, lotions (DEET)
  • Mosquito coils
  • Permethrin-impregnated mosquito nets
48
Q

What chemoprophylaxis is there against malaria?

A

Malarone
-Daily

Doxycycline

  • Not for <12 years
  • Photosensitivity

Mefloquine

  • Weekly
  • Side effects: psychosis, nightmares
  • Avoid if history of psychosis or epilepsy

Chloroquine

  • Weekly and proquanil daily
  • For vivax/ovale/malariae only
49
Q

What is the malaria advice for travellers on return?

A
  • Any illness occurring within 1 year and especially within 3 months of return might be malaria
  • Patients should seek medical attention if become they ill particularly within 3 months and mention malaria risk

Systems: Infection AB (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions