Immunisations

Question 1

RE: herd immunity, what is resistance to infection dependent on?

Answer 1

Number susceptible and probability that those susceptible will come into contact with an infected person

Question 2

Is the herd immunity threshold the same for different diseases?

Answer 2

NO! Slightly different for different diseases

Question 3

Give 2 examples of inactivated vaccines

Answer 3

Diphtheria + tetanus

Question 4

What is the immune response in an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 4

IgM, then IgG

Question 5

Give a pro and 2 cons of inactivated vaccines

Answer 5

Pro: minimal infection risk (inactivated so can’t cause the disease)

Cons: less effective, need boosters to maintain immunity

Question 6

What is a pro of live attenuated (weak) vaccines?

Answer 6

Long-lived immunity (full long-lasting antibody response after 1-2 doses)

Question 7

Give 2 cons of live attenuated vaccines

Answer 7

May revert to active form (RARE!)

May produce some sort of immune response, e.g. mild, rash after MMR

Question 8

When is a live vaccines CI?

Answer 8

In immunosuppressed

Question 9

At 2 months, which 3 vaccines should an infant receive?

Answer 9

6 in 1
Rota Virus
Men B

Question 10

6 in 1:
Which infections is it for?
When is it given?
Where is it given?

Answer 10

Infections: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haem influenza B, Hep B

Given at 2, 3 and 4 months and pre-school

Where? THIGH

Question 11

How is the rotavirus vaccine delivered?

Answer 11

By mouth

Question 12

Where is the Men B vaccine given?

How many doses?

Answer 12

Left thigh

2 (at 2 months + 3 months)

Question 13

Which 3 vaccines are given at 3 months?

Answer 13

6 in 1
Pneumococcal (PCV)
Rotavirus

Question 14

Which 2 vaccines are given at 4 months?

Answer 14

6 in 1

Men B

Question 15

Which 3 vaccines are given at 1 year?

Answer 15

HiB + MenC
PCV
MMR
MenB

Question 16

When is MMR given?

Answer 16

At 1 year and pre-school

Question 17

Which vaccines are given for pre-school?

Answer 17

6 in 1

MMR

Question 18

When is the HPV vaccine given to girls?

What is its name?

How many injections + how far apart?

What does it protect against?

Answer 18

Gardasil injection

Age 12-13. 2 injections, 6-24 months apart

Protects against HPV 6, 11, 16, 18

Question 19

Which two vaccines are given to children age 13-18?

Answer 19

Tetanus, diphtheria + polio (Td/IPV)

Meningococcal groups (MenACWY)

Question 20

Which other vaccines can be offered? e.g. in high-risk children

Answer 20

BCG
Hep B
RSV
Yellow Fever

Question 21

How does measles present?
What may be seen in the mouth?
Characteristic of the rash

Answer 21

Coryza, cough, conjunctivitis

White spots in mouth

RASH moves from face down to trunk

Question 22

How does diphtheria present?

THROAT

Answer 22

Fever + sore throat

Thick grey coating at back of the throat

Question 23

Presentation of tetanus

Answer 23

Lock jaw, painful muscle spasms, arching body, hyper-extension of the neck

Question 24

Which vaccine protects against epiglottitis?

Answer 24

HiB

Question 25

Importance of vaccines: | MMR

Answer 25

Infertility (mumps in boys) Congenital rubella syndrome/ harm to pregnant women Death EVIDENCE REFUTES INITIAL SCARES!!

Question 26

What can mothers be advised to do during + after administering a vaccine to help the infant?

Answer 26

Breast feeding! Acts as an analgesic

Question 27

4 things to do before giving an immunization

Answer 27

Ensure no CI Fully inform about what is being given Ensure carer is aware of any adverse effects + how to manage them CONSENT on each immunization visit

Question 28

What vaccines can you not give to an HIV+ baby? In what instance can you give BCG?

Answer 28

BCG, yellow fever, oral typhoid Can give BCG to baby of an HIV+ mother if the baby has 2 negative HIV tests

Question 29

Local reactions to vaccine What to inform the carer Is this a CI?

Answer 29

Pain, redness, swelling at site usually mild + self-limiting NOT a CI

Question 30

Systemic reactions to vaccines

Answer 30

Fever, myalgia, headache, loss of appetite

Question 31

What are two absolute CIs to immunizations?

Answer 31

Previous anaphylaxis Live vaccines in immunosuppressed

Question 32

Child has an egg allergy What do you need to check? What can't you give? When can you give MMR?

Answer 32

Check if the allergy is ANAPHYLACTIC (CI) Can't give yellow fever or influenza vaccines Can give MMR ONLY in controlled circumstances

Question 33

4 circumstances when immunization should be delayed

Answer 33

Child is acutely unwell (minor illness without fever is fine) Evolving neurological condition (wait until resolved or stabilized Immunoglobulin recently given (may interfere with immune response to live vaccine) If you aren't sure if you should give a vaccine