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Paediatrics > Immunisations > Flashcards

Immunisations Flashcards

1
Q

RE: herd immunity, what is resistance to infection dependent on?

A

Number susceptible and probability that those susceptible will come into contact with an infected person

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2
Q

Is the herd immunity threshold the same for different diseases?

A

NO! Slightly different for different diseases

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3
Q

Give 2 examples of inactivated vaccines

A

Diphtheria + tetanus

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4
Q

What is the immune response in an inactivated vaccine?

A

IgM, then IgG

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5
Q

Give a pro and 2 cons of inactivated vaccines

A

Pro: minimal infection risk (inactivated so can’t cause the disease)

Cons: less effective, need boosters to maintain immunity

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6
Q

What is a pro of live attenuated (weak) vaccines?

A

Long-lived immunity (full long-lasting antibody response after 1-2 doses)

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7
Q

Give 2 cons of live attenuated vaccines

A

May revert to active form (RARE!)

May produce some sort of immune response, e.g. mild, rash after MMR

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8
Q

When is a live vaccines CI?

A

In immunosuppressed

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9
Q

At 2 months, which 3 vaccines should an infant receive?

A

6 in 1
Rota Virus
Men B

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10
Q

6 in 1:
Which infections is it for?
When is it given?
Where is it given?

A

Infections: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haem influenza B, Hep B

Given at 2, 3 and 4 months and pre-school

Where? THIGH

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11
Q

How is the rotavirus vaccine delivered?

A

By mouth

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12
Q

Where is the Men B vaccine given?

How many doses?

A

Left thigh

2 (at 2 months + 3 months)

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13
Q

Which 3 vaccines are given at 3 months?

A

6 in 1
Pneumococcal (PCV)
Rotavirus

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14
Q

Which 2 vaccines are given at 4 months?

A

6 in 1

Men B

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15
Q

Which 3 vaccines are given at 1 year?

A

HiB + MenC
PCV
MMR
MenB

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16
Q

When is MMR given?

A

At 1 year and pre-school

17
Q

Which vaccines are given for pre-school?

A

6 in 1

MMR

18
Q

When is the HPV vaccine given to girls?

What is its name?

How many injections + how far apart?

What does it protect against?

A

Gardasil injection

Age 12-13. 2 injections, 6-24 months apart

Protects against HPV 6, 11, 16, 18

19
Q

Which two vaccines are given to children age 13-18?

A

Tetanus, diphtheria + polio (Td/IPV)

Meningococcal groups (MenACWY)

20
Q

Which other vaccines can be offered? e.g. in high-risk children

A

BCG
Hep B
RSV
Yellow Fever

21
Q

How does measles present?
What may be seen in the mouth?
Characteristic of the rash

A

Coryza, cough, conjunctivitis

White spots in mouth

RASH moves from face down to trunk

22
Q

How does diphtheria present?

THROAT

A

Fever + sore throat

Thick grey coating at back of the throat

23
Q

Presentation of tetanus

A

Lock jaw, painful muscle spasms, arching body, hyper-extension of the neck

24
Q

Which vaccine protects against epiglottitis?

A

HiB

25
Q

Importance of vaccines:

MMR

A

Infertility (mumps in boys)
Congenital rubella syndrome/ harm to pregnant women
Death

EVIDENCE REFUTES INITIAL SCARES!!

26
Q

What can mothers be advised to do during + after administering a vaccine to help the infant?

A

Breast feeding! Acts as an analgesic

27
Q

4 things to do before giving an immunization

A

Ensure no CI
Fully inform about what is being given
Ensure carer is aware of any adverse effects + how to manage them
CONSENT on each immunization visit

28
Q

What vaccines can you not give to an HIV+ baby?

In what instance can you give BCG?

A

BCG, yellow fever, oral typhoid

Can give BCG to baby of an HIV+ mother if the baby has 2 negative HIV tests

29
Q

Local reactions to vaccine

What to inform the carer

Is this a CI?

A

Pain, redness, swelling at site

usually mild + self-limiting

NOT a CI

30
Q

Systemic reactions to vaccines

A

Fever, myalgia, headache, loss of appetite

31
Q

What are two absolute CIs to immunizations?

A

Previous anaphylaxis

Live vaccines in immunosuppressed

32
Q

Child has an egg allergy

What do you need to check?
What can’t you give?
When can you give MMR?

A

Check if the allergy is ANAPHYLACTIC (CI)

Can’t give yellow fever or influenza vaccines

Can give MMR ONLY in controlled circumstances

33
Q

4 circumstances when immunization should be delayed

A

Child is acutely unwell (minor illness without fever is fine)

Evolving neurological condition (wait until resolved or stabilized

Immunoglobulin recently given (may interfere with immune response to live vaccine)

If you aren’t sure if you should give a vaccine

Paediatrics (3 decks)

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