Immunisations Flashcards
RE: herd immunity, what is resistance to infection dependent on?
Number susceptible and probability that those susceptible will come into contact with an infected person
Is the herd immunity threshold the same for different diseases?
NO! Slightly different for different diseases
Give 2 examples of inactivated vaccines
Diphtheria + tetanus
What is the immune response in an inactivated vaccine?
IgM, then IgG
Give a pro and 2 cons of inactivated vaccines
Pro: minimal infection risk (inactivated so can’t cause the disease)
Cons: less effective, need boosters to maintain immunity
What is a pro of live attenuated (weak) vaccines?
Long-lived immunity (full long-lasting antibody response after 1-2 doses)
Give 2 cons of live attenuated vaccines
May revert to active form (RARE!)
May produce some sort of immune response, e.g. mild, rash after MMR
When is a live vaccines CI?
In immunosuppressed
At 2 months, which 3 vaccines should an infant receive?
6 in 1
Rota Virus
Men B
6 in 1:
Which infections is it for?
When is it given?
Where is it given?
Infections: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, haem influenza B, Hep B
Given at 2, 3 and 4 months and pre-school
Where? THIGH
How is the rotavirus vaccine delivered?
By mouth
Where is the Men B vaccine given?
How many doses?
Left thigh
2 (at 2 months + 3 months)
Which 3 vaccines are given at 3 months?
6 in 1
Pneumococcal (PCV)
Rotavirus
Which 2 vaccines are given at 4 months?
6 in 1
Men B
Which 3 vaccines are given at 1 year?
HiB + MenC
PCV
MMR
MenB
When is MMR given?
At 1 year and pre-school
Which vaccines are given for pre-school?
6 in 1
MMR
When is the HPV vaccine given to girls?
What is its name?
How many injections + how far apart?
What does it protect against?
Gardasil injection
Age 12-13. 2 injections, 6-24 months apart
Protects against HPV 6, 11, 16, 18
Which two vaccines are given to children age 13-18?
Tetanus, diphtheria + polio (Td/IPV)
Meningococcal groups (MenACWY)
Which other vaccines can be offered? e.g. in high-risk children
BCG
Hep B
RSV
Yellow Fever
How does measles present?
What may be seen in the mouth?
Characteristic of the rash
Coryza, cough, conjunctivitis
White spots in mouth
RASH moves from face down to trunk
How does diphtheria present?
THROAT
Fever + sore throat
Thick grey coating at back of the throat
Presentation of tetanus
Lock jaw, painful muscle spasms, arching body, hyper-extension of the neck
Which vaccine protects against epiglottitis?
HiB
Importance of vaccines:
MMR
Infertility (mumps in boys)
Congenital rubella syndrome/ harm to pregnant women
Death
EVIDENCE REFUTES INITIAL SCARES!!
What can mothers be advised to do during + after administering a vaccine to help the infant?
Breast feeding! Acts as an analgesic
4 things to do before giving an immunization
Ensure no CI
Fully inform about what is being given
Ensure carer is aware of any adverse effects + how to manage them
CONSENT on each immunization visit
What vaccines can you not give to an HIV+ baby?
In what instance can you give BCG?
BCG, yellow fever, oral typhoid
Can give BCG to baby of an HIV+ mother if the baby has 2 negative HIV tests
Local reactions to vaccine
What to inform the carer
Is this a CI?
Pain, redness, swelling at site
usually mild + self-limiting
NOT a CI
Systemic reactions to vaccines
Fever, myalgia, headache, loss of appetite
What are two absolute CIs to immunizations?
Previous anaphylaxis
Live vaccines in immunosuppressed
Child has an egg allergy
What do you need to check?
What can’t you give?
When can you give MMR?
Check if the allergy is ANAPHYLACTIC (CI)
Can’t give yellow fever or influenza vaccines
Can give MMR ONLY in controlled circumstances
4 circumstances when immunization should be delayed
Child is acutely unwell (minor illness without fever is fine)
Evolving neurological condition (wait until resolved or stabilized
Immunoglobulin recently given (may interfere with immune response to live vaccine)
If you aren’t sure if you should give a vaccine
