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Year 3: Block 1: Infection > Immunisation and prophylaxis > Flashcards

Immunisation and prophylaxis Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity can be divided into either?

A

innate - body’s own, white cells - neutrophils and lymphs, antibodies

Adaptive - natural - active- measles, chicken pox or passive- breast milk

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2
Q

Antibody Response to Infection - antibodies form

A

IgM then IgG

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3
Q

Antibody Response to Infection - antibodies form much quicker in a

A

secondary response

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4
Q

vaccines can be either

A

live or killed (antibody - need more doses)-

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5
Q

who was the pioneer of smallpox vaccination

A

Edward jenner - small pox vaccine

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6
Q

Give some examples of Live attenuated Vaccines (8)

A 
Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR)
BCG
Varicella-zoster virus
Yellow fever
Smallpox
Typhoid (oral)
Polio (oral)
Rotavirus (oral)
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7
Q

Give some examples of Inactivated (killed) vaccines? (9)

A 
inactive - 2 or 3 doses
Polio (in combined vaccine D/T/P/Hib)
Hepatitis A
Cholera (oral)
Rabies
Japanese encephalitis
Tick-borne encephalitis
Influenza
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8
Q

Give some examples of detoxified exotoxin (2) - how does this process work

A

Diphtheria, Tetanus

toxin - treats with formulae till its inactive - inject patient with toxoid - antibodies produced

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9
Q

Give examples of Subunit vaccines (7)

A 
Pertussis (acellular) - whooping cough
Haemophilus influenzae type b
Meningococcus (group C) 				conjugated: capsular polysaccharide antigen & Corynebacterium diphtheria protein
Pneumococcus 
Typhoid 
Anthrax
Hepatitis B
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10
Q

Recombinant vaccines e.g. Hepatitis B - subunit PROCESS

A

DNA segment coding for HBsAg

  • removed, purified, mixed with plasmids
  • inserted into yeasts
  • fermented
  • HBsAg produced
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11
Q

6 in 1” vaccine: Infanrix hexa - CHILDHOOD SCHEME - what does it involve

A

D=purified diphtheria toxoid

T=purified tetanus toxoid

aP= purified Bordetella pertussis

IPV= inactivated polio virus

Hib= purified component of Haemophilus influenzae b

HBV= hepatitis B rDNA

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12
Q

UK Childhood Immunisation Schedule, 2, 3 and 4 months

A

2 months: 6-in-1 vaccine + pneumococcal conjugate + rotavirus (prevent enteric disease) + Men B

3 months: 6-in-1 vaccine + rotavirus

4 months: 6-in-1 vaccine + pneumococcal conjugate + Men B

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13
Q

UK Childhood Immunisation Schedule: 1 year, 2-8 years, 3-5 years, Girls 12-13 years, 14 years

A

1 year - Hib/Men C+ MMR + pneumococcal conjugate + men B

2 years - influenza nasal

3 years - 4-in-1 booster (DTaP/IPV) + MMR

4 years - Human papilloma virus

5 years - 3-in-1 booster (dT/IPV) + Men ACWY

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14
Q

Immunisation for special patient and occupational groups - give examples of what will be given (6)

A 
BCG 
influenza
pneumococcal
hepatitis B
varicella-zoster (chickenpox)
herpes-zoster (shingles)
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15
Q

Describe the BCG - who will be offered it (4)

A

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine

  • Some infants (0-12 months) - high annual incidence
  • children screened for TB risk factors
  • new immigrants
  • healthcare workers
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16
Q

influenza vaccine is a

A

single dose vaccine

- influenza A and B often change

17
Q

influenza vaccine - indications examples (7)

A
  • Age >65 years
  • Nursing home residents
  • Some health care workers
  • Immunodeficiency,
  • Immunosuppression
  • pregnant women
  • diabetes and some chronic conditions
18
Q

Two pneumococcal vaccines are known as ? when are they used

A

pneumococcal conjugate polysaccharide vaccine (13 serotypes): Prevenar13®
Part of childhood immunisation schedule
3 doses

pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23 serotypes) Pneumovax II ®
for those at increased risk of pneumococcal infection
single dose

19
Q

hepatitis B vaccination is given to

A

All new born children from 2018 - the 6 in 1

- HCW, children at risk of exposure

20
Q

varicella-zoster (chickenpox) vaccine is offered to - what kind of vaccine is it?

A
  • a suppressed immune systems
  • children if in contact with those at risk of severe vzv
  • Health case workers (if sero-neg and in contact with patients)
  • Live attenuated virus
    2 doses, 4-8 weeks apart
21
Q

herpes-zoster (shingles) vaccine is given to ? what kind of virus is it?

A
  • elderly- 70-80
  • live attenuated virus
  • Zostavax
22
Q

Passive Immunisation with Immunoglobulins- Human normal immunoglobulin - what is it? when is it used and what can it treat?

A
  • from blood transfusion service
  • antibodies against hep A, rubella and measles
  • immunoglobulin deficiencies
  • treatment of some autoimmune disorders . myasthenia gravis
23
Q

Conditions that can be treated with Disease specific immunoglobulin? (6)

A 
hepatitis B Ig
rabies Ig
tetanus anti-toxin Ig
Varicella zoster (chickenpox) Ig 
diphtheria anti-toxin Ig (horse)
botulinum anti-toxin Ig
  • used following exposure to infection
24
Q

Immunisation and Prophylaxis for Travellers - what should be included in a risk assessment? (8)

A
  • Health of Traveller - healthy or immunocompromised?
  • Previous immunisation and prophylaxis
  • Area to be visited
  • Duration of visit
  • Accommodation
  • Activities
  • Remote areas
  • Recent outbreaks
25
Q

Travel Advice would include? (3)

A

General Measures
Immunisation
Chemoprophylaxis

26
Q

General Measures - advice for travellers (7)

A
  • Care with food/water
  • Hand washing
  • Sunburn / Sunstroke
  • Altitude
  • Road traffic accidents
  • Safer sex
  • Mosquitoes - bed nets, sprays, “cover up”
27
Q

Common Immunisations for Travellers?

A 
Tetanus
Polio
Typhoid 
Hepatitis A
Yellow fever
Cholera
28
Q

Immunisation for Travellers in Special Circumstances - vaccines they may need?

A 
Meningococcus A, C, W, Y  
Rabies
Diphtheria
Japanese B encephalitis 
Tick borne encephalitis
29
Q

Prophylaxis - examples

A

Chemoprophylaxis against Malaria

  • Post-exposure prophylaxis* - ciprofloxacin
  • HIV post-exposure prophylaxis
  • Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis
30
Q

ABCD of Malaria Prevention

A
  • Awareness of risk
  • Bite prevention
  • Chemoprophylaxis
  • Diagnosis and treatment
31
Q

Bite prevention for malaria

A

Cover-up at dawn and dusk
Insect repellent sprays, lotions (DEET)
Mosquito coils
Permethrin-impregnated mosquito nets

32
Q

Chemoprophylaxis against malaria (4 main)

A

Malarone ® (proquanil & atovaquone) daily

doxycycline daily
Not for children <12 years, photosensivity

mefloquine weekly
Side effects: psychosis, nightmares (1:10,000)
Avoid if history of psychosis, epilepsy

chloroquine weekly + proquanil daily
For vivax/ovale/malariae only

33
Q

Malaria Advice to Travellers on Return

A

Any illness occurring within 1 year, and especially within 3 months, of return might be malaria

should seek attention if you become sick particularly wishing 3 months, eg fever, sweats, vomiting

Year 3: Block 1: Infection (14 decks)

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