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Foundations #2 > immuniology > Flashcards

immuniology Flashcards

1
Q

are exaggerated or inappropriate immune responses to benign antigens

A

hypersensitivity reactions

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2
Q

Type I reactions are mediated by

A

IG- E

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3
Q

Types II,III reactions are mediated by

A

IG-G

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4
Q

what hypersensitivity reactions are antibody-mediated

A

I,II,III

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5
Q

what hypersensitivity reactions are cell mediate

A

IV

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6
Q

Immediate (Anaphylactic) Hypersensitivity is what type of reaction

A

Type I

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7
Q

Symptoms such as edema and erythema are called

A

wheel flare

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8
Q

what cell mediator is responsible for allergic reactions

A

histamine

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9
Q

The late phase of IgE-mediated inflammation occurs approximately how many hours after exposure

A

6

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10
Q

neutrophils and eosinophils, are associated with what phase of the hypersensitivity reaction

A

Late phase

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11
Q

The most severe form of type I hypersensitivity is

A

systemic anaphylaxis

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12
Q

The most common causes of anaphylaxis are foods such as

A

peanuts and shellfish, bee venom, and drugs such as penicillin.

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13
Q

Histamine is produced by what type of cells

A

basophils, eosinophils

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14
Q

Atopic disorders, such as hay fever, asthma, eczema, and urticaria, are immediate hypersensitivity reactions with both an

A

environmental trigger and a strong familial predisposition

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15
Q

clinically useful example is the skin test using (test for PCN) reaction

A

penicilloyl polylysine

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16
Q

anything that causes an immune response.

Eg. bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or smaller proteins that they express (aka “pathogens”).

A

antigens

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17
Q

another name for an antibody is an

A

immunoglobulin or IG

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18
Q

a protein molecule created by our immune system to target an antigen for destruction.

A

antibody

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19
Q

cytokines are produced by what kind of cell

A

leukocytes

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20
Q

what are the two broad

A
  1. Innate - non specific
  2. Adaptive - specific
    * however there is some crossover
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21
Q

The formation and development of the cells that make up “blood”

A

Hematopoiesis

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22
Q

Hematopoiesis when you are an embyro happens where.

A
  1. Liver
  2. spleen
  3. Thymus
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23
Q

Hematopoiesis when you are an adult happens where.

A

occurs primarily in bone marrow small amount in lymphatic tissues

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24
Q 
These cells are all what type of cell 
Basophil
neutrophil 
eosinophil 
monocyte
A

Granulocyte

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25
Q

monocyte can develop into what two types of cells

A

macrophage

dendritic cell

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26
Q
  1. B cells
  2. T cells
  3. NK cells

all of these are derrived from what type of cell.

A

lymphoid progenitor

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27
Q

what cells are APC (antigen presenting cell)

A

macrophage
dendritic cells
esosinophils

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28
Q 
these are characteristics of what immune system 
IMMEDIATE
Non-Specific Response…no memory
Response does NOT increase
     with repeat exposure
A

innate

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29
Q

what chemical decrease clotting

A

heparin

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30
Q

what chemical is associated with allergies

A

histamine

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31
Q

are basophils common

A

no

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32
Q

what do basophils release

A

histamine and heparin

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33
Q

Release H2O2 and other oxygen radicals to kill
Active in allergic reactions, asthma
microbes:

A

Eosinophils

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34
Q

Most abundant of the granulocytes
First Responders
Strongly Phagocytic

A

Neutrophils

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35
Q

what Interleukins are responsible for fever

A

1 and 6

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36
Q

what Interleukin are responsible for acute-phase response

A

6

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37
Q

What interferon is the strongest

A

gamma (Y)

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38
Q

cell-to-cell communication proteins that control cell

A

CYTOKINES

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39
Q

activates neutrophils, mediates septic shock, causes tumor necrosis.

A

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

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40
Q

Block virus replication

A

Interferons (IFN)

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41
Q

Release histamine and heparin causing inflammatory cascade
Leave the bone marrow as immature cells, mature in tissues
Present in tissues that are boundaries b/t “inside” and “outside” (esp. mucosa)

A

Mast cell

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42
Q

What is the BP response to anaphylaxis

A

decrease

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43
Q

what is they key cells is allergic reactions (3)

A

mast
basophils
eosinophils

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44
Q

Monos, Macros and Dendros have 3 primary functions:

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation (APCs)
Cytokine production

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45
Q

where are 1/2 the monocyes stored?

A

spleen

46
Q

Specialized dendritic cells in skin

A

Langerhans cells*

-This may have to do with HIV

47
Q

Large phagocytes
release TNF and Interleukins (ILs)
Also act as APCs

A

Macrophages

48
Q

After digesting a pathogen, a macrophage will present the antigen to a

A

Helper T cell

49
Q

Specialized macrophages within the liver

A

Kupffer cells

50
Q

function of Kupffer cells

A

Destroy bacteria & old RBCs

51
Q

(blank cells) kill their target by releasing perforins and proteases that cause cell membrane lysis or trigger apoptosis in the target cell
can also cause apoptosis in their target by surface contact

A

natural killer

52
Q

on-call”

hang out in the

A

bloodstream, liver and spleen

53
Q

Cell surface molecules which help the immune system to determine if a protein is “self” or “not-self”

A

MHC complex

54
Q

Determines organ donation compatibility

A

MHC complex

55
Q

maybe responsible for atherosclerosis

A

C-reactive protein

56
Q

the complement system is activated by what

A

antigens

  • the complement system helps recruited other cells to destroy antigens.
57
Q

destruction by phagocytes

A

Opsonization

58
Q

This causes lysis of the cell by disrupting osmotic balance
Microbe will swell and burst

A

membrane attack complex

59
Q

Response is IMMEDIATE
Response in NON-SPECIFIC; it is the same each time, regardless of the pathogen
Response DOES NOT INCREASE with repeat exposure to pathogen

A

Innate immune system

60
Q

can an antibody (IG) recognize more than one antigen

A

no

61
Q

antigen binds to what segment

A

FAB

62
Q

what is the mnemonic for all IG

A 
G
A
M
E 
D
63
Q

What IG is in the acute phase

A

IG-M

64
Q

What IG is in the chronic phase

A

IG- G

65
Q

what IG is found in CSF

A

IG-G

66
Q

What is the only IG taht crosses the placenta

A

IG-G

67
Q

what IG has teh longest 1/2 life

A

IG-G 23 days

68
Q

Helps Natural Killer cells find their targets- opsonization
Immobilizes bacteria by binding to their cilia or flagella
Activates complement
Neutralizes toxins and some viruses by binding

A

IG-G

69
Q

what IG Primarily found in External Secretions

A

IG- A

- Colostrum

70
Q

what IG Binds to mast cells and basophils

A

IG- E

71
Q

4 Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Tonsils & adenoids
Appendix

72
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs:

A

Thymus (T-cells) in children

Bone marrow

73
Q

function of effector B cell

A

produce antibodies

74
Q

two types of B cells

A
  1. Effector: produce antibodies

2. memory: remember… yes

75
Q

what type of cell eliminated extracellular pathogen

A

B-Cells

76
Q

Destroy INTRACELLULAR pathogens:

A

T cells

77
Q

Two types of T cells

A

CD4: Helper
CD8: killer

78
Q

What is the only antibody to cross the placenta

A

IG-G (1/2 life 23 days)

79
Q

what antibody triggers degranulation

A

IG-E

80
Q

what blocks virus replication

A

IFN

81
Q

what granulocyto closes the airway

A

eosinophil

82
Q

what granulocyte is active against bacteria & fungi

A

neutriphil

83
Q

What cell is the strongest associated with anaphylaxis

A

mast

84
Q

what cell activated helper T

A

dendritic

85
Q

Langerham cells are associated with

A

HIV

86
Q

kuffer cells are what type of cells

A

macrophages

87
Q

what type of cells trigger apoptosis

A

NK cells

88
Q

what cells determine tissue compatibility

A

MHC / HLA complex

89
Q

what marks the cell for distruction

A

opsonization

90
Q

what does histamine do

A

(vasodialation)

91
Q

epitope is a marker of

A

not self

92
Q

strep pyogenes is associated with what autoimmune

A

RA

93
Q

RA is associated with what defect

A

cardaic

94
Q

Borrreli burdgorferi is associated with what auto immune

A

lyme arthritis

95
Q

Hep B is associated with what auto immune disease

A

MS

96
Q

what autoimmune is associated with opthalmopathy

A

graves

97
Q

what auto immune is associated with acetocholine

A

MG

98
Q

what autoimmune is assocuated with double stranded DNA

A

SLE

99
Q

Mumps measles and rubella use what type of vacinne

A

live attenuated

100
Q

poliovirus, hepatitis A, Japanese encephalitis use what type of vaccine

A

inactivated

101
Q

what is a downside to live vaccines

A

must be refrigerated (but they last the longest)

102
Q

timeline for type I reaction

A

min

103
Q

timeline for type II reaction

A

hours

104
Q

Timeline for type III

A

2-3 weeks (this is the transplant, blood one)

105
Q

timeline for Type IV

A

2-3 days (cell mediated)

106
Q

Primary lymphoid organ

A
  • bone marrow

- Thymus (one in children)

107
Q

secondary lymphoid organ

A
  • spleen
  • Thymus
  • tonsils
  • appendix
  • Adenoids
108
Q

IG- G found in what locations

A
  • blood
  • lymph
  • CSF
  • peritoneal fluid
109
Q

What IG is found in external secretions

A

IG A

110
Q

what cells release perorin

A

NK cells

Foundations #2 (3 decks)

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