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Pathological Mechanisms > Immune Systems > Flashcards

Immune Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the action of lysozyme in the innate immune system

A

breaks down gram positive cell wall

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2
Q

Describe the role of lactoferrin in the innate immune system

A

chelates iron which is required by bacteria for growth, thereby inhibiting bacterial growth

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3
Q

The innate immune system is comprised of soluble and cellular parts. Give examples of soluble components of the innate immune system.

A 
antibacterial factors (lysozyme, lactoferrin)
complement system
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4
Q

Which is the main cell involved in the innate immune system?

A

Phagocytes

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5
Q

What are the three pathways by which the complement system can be activated?

A

Classical pathway: antigen:antibody complex
MB-lectin pathway
Alternative pathway: pathogen surfaces

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6
Q

Which protein do the three complement pathways converge on?

A

C3

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7
Q

The complement cascade results in the formation of which protein responsible for lysis of the microbe?

A

Membrane attack complex

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8
Q

What are the three functions of the complement system?

A

Recruitment of inflammatory cells
opsonisation of pathogens
killing of pathogens

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9
Q

From which cell are macrophages derived?

A

monocytes

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10
Q

Type 1 macrophages produce inflammatory cytokines. Give an example of an inflammatory cytokine.

A

TNF-alpha

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11
Q

Type 2 macrophages produce regulatory cytokines. Give an example of a regulatory cytokine.

A

IL-10

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12
Q

Which cell is the most predominant WBC?

A

Neutrophil

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13
Q

The remnants of which WBC make up the majority of pus?

A

neutrophils

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14
Q

Define degranulation.

A

The extracellular release of toxic granules

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15
Q

Which WBCs has a major pathological role in allergy?

A

Eosinophils and basophils (mast cells)

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16
Q

Which type of WBC classically responds to parasites?

A

Eosinophil

17
Q

To what type of T cell do dendritic cells present?

A

CD4+ T cells

18
Q

Activation of T cells by dendritic cells requires two signals. T/F?

A

True p the binding of MHC indicating the presence of a foreign substance and an activating co-signal

19
Q

Describe the structure of an antibody.

A

2 light, 2 heavy chains
y shaped
Fab antibody binding region (variable)
Fc region binds to receptors on phagocytes / activates complement

20
Q

Which cells are responsible for humoral immunity?

A

B cells

21
Q

What are the three functions of antibodies?

A

opsonise phagocytosis
activate complement
neutralise toxins and pathogen binding sites

22
Q

Which type of antibody is predominantly involved in the primary immune response?

A

IgM

23
Q

In the later stages of an immune response more specific IgG antibodies take over from IgM antibodies. What is the term used to describe this phenomenon?

A

Isotype switching

24
Q

Which type of antibody is predominantly involved in the secondary immune response

A

IgG

25
Q

Which type of antibody has a high affinity for binding to mast cells and therefore has a role in allergy?

A

IgE

26
Q

Where can IgA antibodies primarily be found?

A

Secretions and lining epithelial surfaces

27
Q

The primary immune response has a larger peak response than the secondary immune response. T/F?

A

False - the opposite is true

28
Q

Lymphocytes which bind strongly to self-antigens undergo apoptosis. Where does this process occur for B and T cells, respectively?

A

B cells - bone marrow

T cells - thymus

29
Q

Where are lymphocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow

30
Q

Which interleukin is secreted by regulatory T cells to dampen down an immune response?

A

IL-10

31
Q

Which organ of the immune system is particularly important in the response to encapsulated organisms?

A

The spleen

32
Q

What are the primary organs of the immune system?

A

Bone marrow

Thymus

33
Q

What are the secondary organs of the immune system?

A

Lymph nodes
Spleen
Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue of the GI tract and bronchial tract

34
Q

If a person is infection again with the same pathogen a secondary immune response occurs. In this case, how would the frequency and activation threshold of these lymphocytes differ from lymphocytes in a primary response?

A

higher frequency of memory b and T cells

lower threshold for their activation

35
Q

In a secondary immune response what is the function of preformed IgA?

A

Prevent pathogen binding

36
Q

In a secondary immune response what is the function of preformed IgG?

A

Opsonise pathogen for phagocytosis

37
Q

Which antibody type can cross the placenta?

A

IgG

Pathological Mechanisms (2 decks)

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