Immune System Summative

Question 1

Why would it be important for epidemiologists, scientists who study the spread of disease, to determine patient zero?

Answer 1

1. Discover symptoms
2. Determine initial contraction
3. Effects of diet/lifestyle
4. Who is at risk?

Question 2

Six Types of Infectious Diseases

Answer 2

1. Bacteria
2. Virus
3. Fungus
4. Protozoan
5. Helminth
6. Prion

Question 3

Bacteria - What is it, where does it grow and where does it live?

Answer 3

• Single Cell Organism
• Grows in or out of a host
• Typically living in soil, water, organic matter, or the body of plants/animals

Question 4

Virus - What is it, what does it do and where does it grow?

Answer 4

• Protein containing genetic material
• Capable of altering a living cell
• Grows and multiplies inside a host

Question 5

Fungus - What is it and where does it live?

Answer 5

• Live on dead or decaying matter

- Range from mold, mushrooms, and are eukaryotic/parasitic

Question 6

Protozoan - What is it and where does it live?

Answer 6

• Single cell

- Found in contaminated water

Question 7

Helminth - What is it?

Answer 7

Parasitic Worm

Question 8

Prion - What is it and what does it do?

Answer 8

• Abnormal protein

- Affects protein structure in mammals, typically found in the brain.

Question 9

How are infectious diseases spread throughout the population? (4)

Answer 9

1. Direct - Exchange fluids, kissing, etc.
2. Indirect - Coughing/Sneezing, sharing food etc.
3. Contaminated food/water
4. Insect and animal bites

Question 10

Transmission

Answer 10

The way a pathogen moves from one host to another.

Question 11

How do you prevent transmission? (4)

Answer 11

1. Practice good hygiene
2. Being aware of environmental risks
3. Vaccinations
4. Completing and antibiotic prescription

Question 12

Why is it useful for epidemiologists, scientists who study disease, to categorize diseases based on different factors, such as modes of transmission? (2)

Answer 12

1. To prevent the spread

2. To determine treatments

Question 13

How can an unknown sample of bacteria be identified? (2)

Answer 13

1. Grow it

2. Aseptically streak and plate/incubate it

Question 14

Microbiology

Answer 14

A branch of biology dealing with microscopic orbs of life.

Question 15

Why do microbiologists need to isolate bacterial colonies from a specimen?

Answer 15

To dilute the sample down to individual colonies to analyze colony morphology. (color, elevation, size, margins)

Question 16

Aseptic technique

Answer 16

A procedure performed under sterile conditions.

Question 17

What is the purpose of Aseptic technique? (2)

Answer 17

1. prevent the spread of your sample

2. prevent cross contamination

Question 18

Shapes of Bacterial Colonies: Bacillus, Coccus and Spirillum?

Answer 18

Bacillus: Rod Shaped
Coccus: Spherical
Spirillum: Spiral

Question 19

Gram Stain

Answer 19

Divides bacteria into two broad categories based on their peptidoglycan layer. (Know functions of crystal violet dye, iodine, alcohol, and safranin)

Question 20

Why are the results of a gram stain taken from a patient important?

Answer 20

To determine which antibiotic to prescribe.

Question 21

Bacteria Structures (7)

Answer 21

Flagella, pili, capsule, cell wall, ribosomes, cell membrane and nucleoid.

Question 22

How do biochemical tests help identify an unknown bacterial sample?

Answer 22

With specific characteristics such as motility and reaction to different indicators.

Question 23

Immunity

Answer 23

Resistance to a disease.

Question 24

T Lymphocyte (T cells)

Answer 24

Produced in the bone marrow: Divides into helper and killer T cells - specific defense.

Question 25

B Lymphocyte (B cells)

Answer 25

Produced in bone marrow, specific and divides into plasma B cells and memory B cells.

Question 26

Antibody

Answer 26

“Y” shaped protein produced by plasma B cells that attack a specific antigen.

Question 27

Phagocyte

Answer 27

A white blood cell that engulfs foreign material.

Question 28

How does the immune system function to protect the human body from foreign invaders? Include the following: Virus, Phagocyte, Antigen, Helper T Cell, Killer T Cell, Plasma B Cell, Memory B Cell and Antibody

Answer 28

Phagocyte eats the invader and gets covered in antigens, which signal killer T cells to attack the infected cells. The memory B cells remember the antigen and create antibodies. The helper T cells then inform the B cells and they are split into plasma and memory B cells, which further defend against the invaders more effectively with plenty of build up antibodies.