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Summer 2020 - APA Foundations 2 - Other > Immune System - Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Immune System - Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the body’s primary defenses gainst bacterial invasion?

A
  • Skin
  • Phagocytosis - kills foreign toxins
  • Killer T Cells - kills virus infected cells
  • Responses - sneeze, cough, sweat…
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2
Q

What is Passive Immunity?

A

Receiving Antibodies / Activated T-Cells for protection via transfusion

Immediate Protection, but Short Lived

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3
Q

What is the Complement Cascade?

A

Immune response that marks pathogens for destruction & makes holes in its cell membrane

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4
Q

What is Adaptive / Acquired Immunity?

A

Immune system that is activated after exposure to pathogens and uses specific antigens for attack.

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5
Q

Which cells are a part of the Humoral Branch?

A

B-Lymphocytes - comes from bone marrow & plasma cells

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6
Q

Which cells are part of the Cell Mediated Branch?

A

T-Lymphocytes - comes from bone marrow & matures in the Thymus

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7
Q

How is Resistance to Pathogens developed?

A

Antigens interact w/ B-Lymphocytes to form Antibodies, AKA, Immunoglobulins

Antibodies have memory

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8
Q

What is the difference b/t Humoral Immunity & Cell Mediated Immunity?

A

Humoral: uses antibodies from plasma cells

Cell Mediated: uses Killer T-Cells

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9
Q

What is the difference of Response Time b/t Innate Immunity & Adaptive Immunity?

A

Innate: minutes/hours

Adaptive: days

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10
Q

Which type of immunity is Highly Specific?

A

Adaptive Immunity - can tell difference b/t pathogen vs. non-pathogen structures

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11
Q

What are the major cell types involved in Innate Immunity?

A

Macrophages

Neutrophils

Natural Killer Cells

Dendritic Cells

Basophils

Eosinophils

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12
Q

What are the major cell types in Adaptive Immunity?

A

T-Cells

B-Cells

Antigen presenting cells

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13
Q

What are the key components of Innate Immunity?

A

Antimicrobial Peptides & Proteins

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14
Q

What are the key components of Adaptive Immunity?

A

Antibodies

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15
Q

How effective is Innate & Adaptive Immunity at discerning Self vs. Nonself?

A

Innate: Perfect

Adaptive: Not as good, but still good. May cause autoimmune diseases

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16
Q

Which type of Immunity has memory?

A

Adaptive Imunity

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17
Q

Which type of Immunity is Highly Diverse?

A

Adaptive Immunity - customizable

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18
Q

Vaccines are an example of _______ Immunity

A

Vaccines are an example of Active Immunity

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19
Q

Antibodies passed from the mother to fetus is an example of ______ Immunity

A

Antibodies passed from the mother to fetus is an example of Passive Immunity

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20
Q

What do Mononuclear cells do?

A

Ingest & Destroy bacteria, neoplastic, and damaged cells

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21
Q

What do Eosinophils do?

A

Phagocytosis

Defends GI (Parasites) , Respiratory, and Urinary Mucosa

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22
Q

What do Neutrophils do?

A

Most Numerous WBC & First to Arrive

Releases Cytokine & Hydrolytic Enzymes

Fight Bacteria & Fungal Infection

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23
Q

What do Basophils & Mast Cells do?

A
  • Least common
  • Release histamine, leukotriens, cytokines, & prostaglandins
  • ↑Vascular Permeability
  • ↑Inflammation
  • ↑Smooth Muscle Contraction (Bronchspasm)
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24
Q

What do Natural Killer Cells do?

A

Respond to cytokine and kills tumor and virus infected cells

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25
Q

What is Opsonization?

A

Process of coating cell w/ protein that helps w/ phagocytosis

26
Q

What happens during Inflammation?

A

Vasodilation

↑Blood Flow

↑Capillary Permeability

Plasma Protein Extravasation

Leukocytes move to site of Injury

27
Q

How do Antibodies protect the Body?

A

Direct Attack

&

Activate Complement System

28
Q

Which class of Antibodies make up 75% of all antibodies in the normal person?

A

IgG

Bivalent Antibody

29
Q

Which class constitutes a small percentage of Antibodies and are especially involved in Allergy?

30
Q

Which class of Antibodies are formed during the primary response and have 10 binding sites?

31
Q

What happens during an Allergic Reaction?

A

Antibodies attach to Mast Cells & Basophils which then release histamines and leads to abnormal response

32
Q

What are the 4 Types of Hypersensitivity?

A

ACID

  • Type I: A llergic/Anaphytlactic/Atopic (Hay Fever, Hives, Asthma)
  • Type II:C ytotoxic (Hemolytic Anemia)
  • Type III:I mmune Complex (Lupus, RA)
  • Type IV: D elayed Sensitivity (Contact Dermatitis, Graft Rejection)
33
Q

What is the difference b/t Anaphylaxis & Anaphylactoid?

A

Anaphylactoid is NON IgE mediated

Needs more exposure

Can happen w/ 1st exposure

34
Q

What are some symptoms of an Anaphylaxis reaction?

A

Hypotension

Dysrrhythmias

Dyspnea

Dizziness

Diaphoresis

Itching/Tingling

Edema

35
Q

What is the most common medication that causes Drug Reactions?

A

Rocuronium > Latex > Abx > Opioids

36
Q

What is the treatment for Non Life Threatening Anaphylaxis?

A

Epinephrine

Diphenhydramine

Maybe Steroids

37
Q

What is the treatment for Life Threatening Anaphylaxis?

A

Maintain Airway

100% O2 & Stop Gases

Epinephrine IV

Pressors &Fluids

Bronchodilators

Antihistamine

Steroid

38
Q

What are the risk factors for Latex Allergy?

A

Healthcare Workers

Neural Tube Defects

Spina Bifida

GU Defects

Multiple Surgeries

Fruit Allergies

39
Q

What are symptoms of Latex Allergy in the Awake pt?

A

Itch

SOB

Doom

N/V

Diarrhea/Cramping

Wheezing

40
Q

What are symptoms of Latex Allergy in the Anesthetized pt?

A

Tachycardia

HTN

Wheezing

Bronchospams

Facial Flush & Edema

Hives

41
Q

What is the classic sign of Autimmune Disease?

A

Chronic Inflammation

42
Q

Which population has the most risk for Autoimmune Disease?

A

Black, Native American, and Hispanic females in child bearing years

43
Q

How does anesthesia affect the immune system?

A

Depresses Immune System

44
Q

Other than anesthesia, what are some causes Immune system depression?

A

Surgery (Tissue Damage/Blood Loss)

(Laparascopic Procedures are better)

Blood Transfusion

Hyperglycemia

Hypothermia

45
Q

How does HIV work?

A

Retrovirus invades cell-mediated branch of immune system

Transmitted thru blood & body fluids

46
Q

What anesthetic considerations should be taken for patients w/ HIV?

A

Patient might be on NNRTIs, which induce CYP450

47
Q

What are the common Comobidities of HIV?

A

Abnormal EKG

Pericardial Effusion

Wasting Syndrome

Dementia, Neuropathy

Platelet Impairment

Cancer

48
Q

What are some of the major concerns when caring for an HIV patient in the OR?

A

Infection of patient & staff

49
Q

What is the most common opportunistic pathogen in regards to HIV patients?

A

Pneumocystic Carinii Pneumonia

50
Q

What are symptoms of Lupus?

A

Chronic Inflammation

Antinuclear Antibodies

Polyarthritis & Dermatitis

Malar Rash

Renal Disease

51
Q

How is Lupus treated?

A

Steroids

Antimalarial

Immunosuppressants

52
Q

What conditions are pts w/ Lupus at higher risk for?

A

Seizure

Stroke

Dementia

Neuropathy

Psychosis

Pericardial Effusion

53
Q

What factors might exacerbate symptoms of Lupus?

A

Infection

Pregnancy

Surgical Stress

Drugs

54
Q

What are the Anesthesia implications for Lupus Patients?

A

Pulm. HTN

Pneumonitis

Cricoarytenoid Arthritis

RLN Palsy

Cyclophosphamides that inhibit cholinesterase

55
Q

What happens in Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Destruction of articular cartilage by lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibroblasts

56
Q

What is the treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Steroids

Methotrexate

Immunosuppressants

NSAIDs

57
Q

What are some anesthetic considerations for RA patients?

A

Decreased Neck & Mouth Mobility

Swelling

Use Glidoscope or Fiberoptic

58
Q

What is Scleroderma?

A

Collegen Vascular Disease - hard skin & vessels, inflammation

59
Q

How does Scleroderma progress?

A
  1. Vascular Endothelium Injury
  2. Vascular Destruction & Protein Leaks out
  3. Tissue Edema & Lymphatic Obstruction
  4. Tissue Fibrosis
60
Q

What are anesthetic considerations for patients w/ Scleroderma?

A

HTN

GERD

Corneal Abrasion

Pulm. HTN

Bleeding Intubation - may need fiberoptic

Summer 2020 - APA Foundations 2 - Other (10 decks)

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