Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHYS 150: physiology > immune system physiology > Flashcards

immune system physiology Flashcards

1
Q

How many body defenses are there? Explain briefly

A

1.first line of defense= physical barriers & secretions

2.second line of defense = phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation

3.third line of defense= specific immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the major components of the first line of defense?

4 components

A

Physical barriers
* skin (keratin)
* mucous membranes

Skin secretions (chemical)
* acidity & sebum (oil)

Mucous membrane secretions
* gastric secretions –> HCl & proteolytic enzymes
* acidic vaginal secretions
* mucus

Exocrine secretions
* saliva
* tears
* perspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of effect do skin secretions/chemical barriers have?

name examples

A

bacteriostatic effect
* acidity & sebum (oil)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What effect do acidic vaginal secretions have?

mucuous membrane secretion - 1st line

A

bacteriostatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does mucus act as a first line of defense?

mucuous membrane secretion - 1st line

A

it traps microrganisms
* prevents it from entering the deeper & internal systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do gastric secretions contribute to the first line of defense?

mucuous membrane secretion - 1st line

A

they contain proteolytic enzymes & HCl
* inactivates swallowed microorganisms
* inhibitins infectious agents from reaching the intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do exocrine secretions contribute to the first line of defense?

mucuous membrane secretion - 1st line

A

they contain lysozymes
* bactericidal effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the major components of the second line of defense?

A

Phagocytes
* macrophages
* lysosomes

NK cells (natural killer cells)
* MHC proteins

Inflammation
* non-specific response triggered when tissues are injured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do phagocytes aid in the second line of defense?

macrophages - 2nd line of defense

A

Macrophages
* uses pseudopodia to engulf the bacteria
* lysosomes surround the bacteria –> has lysozymes (low pH)
* creates a phagolysosome
* releases bacterial debris out to be removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How do NK cells contribute to the second line of defense ?

2nd line of defense

A
  • NK cells are always circulating the blood
  • searches for MHC proteins = major histocompatibility complex
  • if present = NK cells bypasses it
  • if not present = NK cells release bactericidal enzymes & chemical –> kills organism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the purposes of inflammation?

2nd line of defense

A
  • prevent spread of infection
  • eliminate cell debris & noxious agents
  • mark for tissue repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the chemicals of inflammation?

3

A
  1. histamine
  2. kinins
  3. prostaglandins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does histamine contribute to inflammation?

2nd line of defense

A

initiates inflammation
* released by mast cells
* promotes vasodilation, and increases capillary permeability

rationale = allows more blood to get to site of injury or infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do kinins contribute to inflammation?

2nd line of defense

A

stimulates neutrophils to release lysosomal enzymes
* chemotactic = migrate to area of infection due to high levels of chemicals
* induces pain
* same action as histamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are kinins?

2nd line of defense

A
  • kininogen (plasma protein) is activated by enzymes from lysosomes
  • transformed into active kinin peptides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is chemotaxis?

2nd line of defense

A
  • migration of immune cells to source of chemical stimulus (cite of infection)
  • immune cells can detect the direction and intensity of an extracellular chemical gradient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do prostaglandins (PGs)contribute to inflammation?

2nd line of defense

A

induces pain
* result = increases pain sensitivity
* fatty acids synthesized from cell membrane phospholipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the events of inflammation?

briefly explain each (3)

A

1.Cell Injury
* infection, physical injury, autoimmune reactions

2.Vascular response
* vasodilation = bring more blood & immune cells to the area
* initiates and maintains the inflammatory response by providing immune cells and nutrients to the site of injury or infection

3.Cellular response
* migration of immune cells to the site of injury or infection
* tissue repair & elimination of harmful cells
* neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What occurs during the vascular response?

inflammation - 2nd line of defense

A

Hyperemia = increased blood flow to organ
1.vasodilation = increases blood flow

2.increased capillary permeability = allows immune cells to move closer to site of infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What occurs when capillary permeability is increased during the vascular response?

inflammation - 2nd line of defense

A
  • exudation of fluid & albumin (protein) into the interstital space
  • leads to edema (swelling)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the role of protein/albumin in the vascular response?

inflammation - 2nd line of defense

A
  • maintain blood pressure and prevent excessive fluid loss from the bloodstream –> leads to edema
  • contains the infection
  • helps recruit more proteins & immune cells to site of infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the difference between erythema & edema?

A

erythema = redness
edema = swelling

23
Q

What occurs during the cellular response ?

inflammation - 2nd line of defense

A

diapedesis of leukocytes
* immune cells move from the blood vessels into the surrounding tissue at the site of inflammation
* attracted by cheomtactic factors to site of cell injury

24
Q

What phagocytes are involved in inflammation?

inflammation - 2nd line of defense

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. macrophages
  3. mast cells
25
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

inflammation - 2nd line of defense

A
  • pain (dolor)
  • redness (rubor or erythema)
  • impaired function
  • swelling (tumor)
  • heat (calor)
26
Q

What stimulates pain receptors?

cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  • pressure exerted by edema can stimulate nerve endings
27
Q

What causes redness?

cardinal signs of inflammation

A

capillary dilation
* hyperemia = increases blood flow to the area

28
Q

Why does impaired mobility happen?

cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  • edema leads to joint stiffness
  • only occurs if joint is involved in cell injury
29
Q

Why does impaired mobility happen?

cardinal signs of inflammation

A
30
Q

How does swelling (edema) happen during inflammation?

cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  • tissue permeability is increased
  • leads to exudation of albumin = decreased osmotic pressure
31
Q

What cause heat during inflammation?

cardinal signs of inflammation

A

hyperemia
* heat is more localized bc more blood is coming to the surface

32
Q

What is the third line of defense?

characteristics

A

immune response
* highly specific
* systemic
* has memory
* dependent on antigen-antibody interactions

33
Q

What is the antigen?

3rd line of defense

A

antibody generating
* stimulates an immune response
* examples = proteins or sugars on cell membrane
* represents the “non-self”

34
Q

What is the antibody?

3rd line of defense

A

immunoglobulin/gamma globulin
* protein produced in response to an antigen
* highly specific = neutralizes only the antigen that it’s made for –> key and lock mechanism

35
Q

How does an antigen bind to an antibody?

3rd line of defense

A

key and lock mechanism
* on the antibody, there are 2 antigen binding sites
* antigen will only bind if it has specific receptors = highly specific

36
Q

What cells are initially immunoincompetent? What happens to them?

3rd line of defense

A

lymphocytes

become mature in:
1. Bone marrow = B-cells
2. Thymus = T-cells

37
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

3rd line of defense

A
  1. Humoral immunity = B-cells
  2. Cell mediated immunity = T-cells
38
Q

What cells are active in humoral immunity?

humoral immunity - 3rd line of defense

A

immunocompetent B-cells
* patrol lymph, blood, and interstitial fluid

39
Q

How are B-cells activated?

humoral immunity - 3rd line of defense

A

recognize specific pathogenic antigens

  1. recognizes pathogenic antigen
  2. B-cells are activated
  3. Activated B-cells multiple rapidly & differentiate

Become:
1. plasma cells –> large cells that secrete 2000 antibodies/second
2. memory cells

activation = antigen exposure

40
Q

How long do plasma cells live?

humoral immunity - 3rd line of defense

A

dies after 4-5 days

41
Q

When does the primary immune response occur?

primary immune response - humoral immunity

A
  • occurs following intial exposure to specific antigen
  • begins 5-7 days following exposure
42
Q

What happens during the primary immune response?

primary immune response - humoral immunity

A
  • antibody titre falls usually within ____
  • memory cells remain

rationale = it takes time for immune system to generate sufficient amount of antibodies; memory B cells are still being generated

43
Q

When does the secondary immune response occur?

secondary immune response - humoral immunity

A

occurs following re-exposure to the same antigen exposed in the primary immune response

44
Q

What is the difference between the secondary & primary immune response?

secondary immune response - humoral immunity

A

secondary immune response is faster, more robust, and mroe efficient
* due to the memory cells that remain fromt he previous, initial exposure

45
Q

What are the types of immunity that can be developped?

4 types

A
  1. Natural active
  2. Artificial active
  3. Natural passive
  4. Artificial passive
46
Q

What is natural, active immunity? Give examples

A

Immunity developped from natural exposure to a infectious agent

examples:
1.contracting a disease = flu, cold

47
Q

What is artificial, active immunity? Give examples

A

Immunity developped from artificial exposure to an infectious agent

examples:
1. vaccinations

48
Q

What is natural, passive immunity? Give examples

A

Immunity acquired naturally through the transfer of antibodies from another individual (don’t produce their own)

examples:
1. breast milk
2. placental transmission
3. blood transfusions

49
Q

What is artificial, passive immunity? Give examples

A

Immunity acquired through the transfer of pre-formed antibodies from another individual via medication interventions

examples:
1. antiserum

50
Q

What cells are active in cell-mediated immunity?

cell-mediated immunity - 3rd line of defense

A

T-cells

2 types:
1. cytotoxic T-cells (killer)
2. helper T-cells

51
Q

How are cytotoxic (kiler) T-cells activated?

cell-mediated immunity - 3rd line of defense

A

T-cells recognize fragments of antigens presented on cells

  1. Attaches to recognized antigen (infected cell)
  2. releases perforin to perforate the membrane of host cell
  3. water enters the cells
  4. cell bursts leading to cell death
52
Q

How are helper T-cells activated?

cell-mediated immunity - 3rd line of defense

A

T-cells recognize fragments of antigens presented on cells

  1. Antigen presentation = attaches to recognized antigen
  2. Activation, proliferation, and differentiation of helpter T-cells
  3. secretes chemotatic agents (cytokines) that attract/stimulate other immune cells (B cells, to produce antibodies, and cytotoxic T cells) to the area

recruits other WBCs to area of infection

53
Q

What cells do helper T-cells activate?

cell-mediated immunity - 3rd line of defense

A

B-cells & T-cells

54
Q

What would happen if we had no helper T-cells?

cell-mediated immunity - 3rd line of defense

A

slower immune response
* impaired/slow activation of B cells & T-cells
* reduced memory response
* impaired regulation of the immune response

PHYS 150: physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions