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MBB231 > Immune System Part I > Flashcards

Immune System Part I Flashcards

1
Q

what are the steps that occur after a cut/infection

A
  1. local infection, penetration of epithelium
  2. local infection of tissues
  3. lymphatic spread
  4. adaptive immunity
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2
Q

weapons of the immune system include:

A
  1. cells that kill or ingest infected or altered cells (CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells that kill virus infected cells)
  2. soluble proteins that can neutralize, immobilize, agglutinate, or kill pathogens (including antibodies and many others)
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3
Q

what is innate immunity

A
  • nonspecific
  • rapid response (hours)
  • fixed
  • limited number of specificities
  • constant during response
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4
Q

what is adaptive immunity

A
  • acquired
  • involves B and T cells
  • slow response (days to weeks)
  • variable
  • numerous highly selective specificities
  • improve during response
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5
Q

what are white blood cells called

A

leukocytes

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6
Q

what is the purpose of red blood cells

A

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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7
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes and their purposes

A
  1. neutrophils: phagocytose and destroy invading bacteria
  2. eosinophils: destroy larger parasites and modulate allergic inflammatory responses
  3. basophils: release histamine in certain immune reactions
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8
Q

what are monocytes

A

become tissue macrophages, which phagocytose and digest invading foreign bodies

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of lymphocytes and their purposes

A
  1. B cells: make antibodies
  2. T cells: kill virus-infected cells and regulate activities of other leukocytes
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10
Q

what are natural killer cells

A

cells that kill virus infected cells and some tumour cells

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11
Q

what are platelets

A

cell fragments arising from megakaryocytes in bone marrow. initiate blood clotting.

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12
Q

what are the 2 circulatory systems

A
  1. cardiovascular
  2. lymphatic
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13
Q

interstitial fluid is returned to the bloodstream via the

A

lymphatic circulatory system

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14
Q

where does most of the immune action occur

A

in the lymph nodes

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15
Q

leukocytes:

A
  • white blood cells
  • circulate between the blood and the lymph
  • includes: B cells and two types of T cells
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16
Q

how do the cells of the immune system get into the lymphatic system

A

by squeezing through specialized endothelial cells in lymph nodes

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17
Q

what happens after monocytes leave the bone marrow

A
  • they circulate the bloodstream for ~8 hours
  • they then migrate into tissues where they differentiate into tissue specific macrophages
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18
Q

differentiation of a monocyte into a macrophage involves:

A
  • five to ten fold enlargement in cell size
  • increased complexity and number of intracellular organelles
  • increased phagocytic ability
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19
Q

tissue macrophages:

A

remain relatively fixed but can wander by amoeboid movement and in response to signals (2-4 month life span)

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20
Q

what does PAMPs stand for and what are they

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns, they are patterns on pathogen surfaces. They can be recognized by receptors on macrophage cell surfaces

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21
Q

what happens with PAMPS and macrophages

A

PAMPS on pathogens bind to pattern recognition receptors on macrophages. pathogens are then phagocytosed thereby activating the macrophage

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22
Q

what are three examples of PAMP receptors

A
  • scavenger receptor
  • mannose receptor
  • toll-like receptors (TLR)
23
Q

how do macrophages get activated

A

they remain in a resting state until they are activated by binding to a pathogen

24
Q

what is the first cellular line of defence against a break in the epithelium, and what are the 2 primary functions of them

A
  • macrophages
  • 2 functions: phagocytosis and degradation of pathogen, activation of signal transduction pathway that generate inflammatory cytokines
25
Q

cytokines:

A

substances secreted by cells of the immune system that have an effect on other cells

26
Q

chemokines:

A

a type of cytokine that induce directed chemotaxis

27
Q

how do macrophages act as antigen presenting cells

A
  • a bacterium engulfed by a macrophage is encased in a vacuole (macrophages phagocytose pathogen)
  • lysosomes fuse with the vacuole and digest the bacterium (digest pathogen)
  • antigens from digested bacterium are presented to Helper T cells in the context of Class II MHC molecules
28
Q

what are neutrophils

A
  • most abundant granulocyte
  • recognition of pathogen is similar to macrophages
  • job is to kill pathogens (professional phagocytes)
  • they do not present antigen
  • extravasation into tissue at site of injury (in response to chemical signals secreted by other cells)
29
Q

what are the 2 neutrophil killing mechanisms

A
  1. intracellular
  2. extracellular
30
Q

leucocytosis:

A

transient increase in the number of circulating neutrophils is used as an indication of infection

31
Q

dendritic cells:

A
  • present antigens to T cells
32
Q

what do dendritic cells do at the site of infection

A
  • engulph pathogen by phagocytosis or pinocytosis
  • after engulphing pathogen, they are induced to migrate via the afferent lymphatic vessels to the nearest regional lymph nodes
  • in lymph nodes, they lose phagocytosis ability but gain the ability to present antigen to T cells
  • they can present antigen in context of both Class I MHC and Class II MHC (cross presentation)
33
Q

dendritic cells are an:

A

important link between the innate and adaptive immune system

34
Q

what is the general immune response

A
  1. inflammatory response initiated by cytokine secretion from macrophages causes redness, heat, pain, swelling - which are needed to try and contain and eliminate the infection
  2. at the same time, signals are being sent to initiate a stronger immune response (adaptive immune response of T cells and B cells)
  3. adaptive immune response comes into play only if the innate immune response cannot clear the localized infection. adaptive response needs time to get ready to do this
35
Q

B cell antigen receptor (BCR):

A

a membrane bound form of the antibody (immunoglobulin) the B cell will secrete after activation and differentiation

36
Q

T cell antigen receptor (TCR):

A

does not recognize free antigen (pathogen), only antigen (piece of a pathogen) that is bound to an MHC molecule on an antigen presenting cell

37
Q

Differentiate between B cells, TH cells, and TC cells

A

B cells: have an antigen binding receptor (antibody), have 1 specificity
T helper cells: are defined by the presence of the CD4 protein
Cytotoxic T cells: are defined by the presence of the CD8 protein

38
Q

antigen antibody generator:

A

any molecule or molecular fragment that is either recognized by an antibody or a B cell receptor or can be bound by an MHC molecule and presented to a T cell receptor

39
Q

epitope (antigenic determinant):

A

the portion of an antigenic molecule that is bound by an antibody or that is recognized by a T cell receptor in the context of presentation by an MHC molecule

40
Q

lymphocytes:

A
  • T cells and B cells
  • released from the bone marrow
  • very small cells with very few cytoplasmic organelles and condensed chromatin
41
Q

what are lymphocytes when they first leave the bone marrow

A

inactive. they have no functional activity until they encounter an antigen

42
Q

what is the general life cycle of a lymphocyte

A
  • they circulate between blood and lymph
  • if they encounter an antigen, they become effector cells
  • if they don’t encounter an antigen, they undergo apoptosis
43
Q

what happens when B cells are activated

A

they differentiate into plasma cells that make antibodies

44
Q

what happens when an antigen/pathogen meets a B cell

A
  1. the B cell receptor will initially bind the antigen it is specific for and then phagocytose the antigen
  2. the antigen will be degraded and presented on the B cell surface in the context of class II MHC molecules to a helper T cell
  3. the helper T cell helps the B cell make antibodies
45
Q

what are 3 examples of antigen presenting cells

A
  1. dendritic cells
  2. macrophages
  3. B-lymphocytes
46
Q

cytotoxic T cells:

A

(CD8+) kill cells infected with virus

47
Q

helper T cells:

A

regulate the activities of other white blood cells, help activate macrophages, B cells, and cytotoxic T cells

48
Q

Class I MHC is always associated with:

A

CD8 and both are found on every nucleated cell in the body

49
Q

Class II MHC is always associated with:

A

CD4 and is found only on professional antigen presenting cells: dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

50
Q

natural killer cells:

A
  • circulate in the blood as large lymphocytes with distinct cytotoxic granules
  • lack antigen specific receptors
  • often first line of defense against some viruses
51
Q

primary lymphoid tissue contains:

A
  • bone marrow
  • thymus
52
Q

where do B cells and T cells mature

A

B cells: bone marrow
T cells: thymus

53
Q

lymph nodes are an example of:

A

secondary lymphoid tissue

MBB231 (10 decks)

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