Immune System Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are various agents that can cause disease/replicate inside of a host?

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites (protazoa, helminths), archaea, Prions

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2
Q

What are prions?

A

Abnormally folded protein form that form plaques causing entanglement of neurofibrils and interfere with synaptic transmission; cause bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cows and Creutz-feldt Jakob disease in humans

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3
Q

What defenses do we have against pathogens?

A

Physical barriers, chemical barriers, commensal microbiota, innate immune system, and adaptive immune system

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4
Q

Describe mucus

A
Viscous fluid
Contains mucins (many glycoproteins)
Prevent attachment of organisms
Expulsion of organisms in respiratory tract and GI tract
Flows in clearing infection
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5
Q

What cells are involved in the innate immune system?

A

Monocytes/macrophages (phagocytic, antigen presenting)
Neutrophils (professional killers, phagocytic)
Natural killer cells (killers)
Dendritic cells (phagocytic)
Complement system (form MACs)

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6
Q

What cells are involved in the adaptive immune system?

A
B cells (make antibodies)
T cells
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7
Q

What are 4 major functions of antibodies?

A

Neutralization
Opsonization
Compliment activation
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

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8
Q

What are the types of T cells?

A

T helper cells
T killer cells
Regulatory T cells

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9
Q

What is the classical pro-inflammatory cytokine trio?

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF alpha

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10
Q

What do cytokines (like TNF alpha) do?

A

Recruit fluid, cells, and molecules to site of infection

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11
Q

What is a cognate antigen?

A

What antibodies (B cell receptors) and T cell receptors are looking for their match to bind to = proliferation of T cells and B cells

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12
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

Making a certain kind of B cell on demand

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13
Q

What cells are antigen presenting cells?

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
B cells

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14
Q

Do T cells require antigen presentation for activation?

A

Yes

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15
Q

What are the 2 kinds of major histocompatability complex (MHC) proteins?

A

Class I

Class II

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16
Q

What are Class I major histocompatabilitiy complex proteins and where are they found?

A

Found on virtually all cells of the body
Displays what cells are producing inside
Scanned by killer T cells which can kill virus infected cells

17
Q

What are Class II major histocompatability complex proteins and where are they found?

A

Found typically only on antigen presenting cell
Displays what has been killed at battle site
Informs T helper cells about battle

18
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Hormone-like messengers (proteins) produced by certain immune cells (especially T helper cells) that communicate with other cells (both immune and non-immune cells) and affect the immune response

19
Q

What are examples of cytokines?

A

Interleukins (IL-1, IL-2…), interferon y (INFy), Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

20
Q

What does IL-1 cause?

A

Hypothalamic fever response

21
Q

What does TNF from macrophages cause?

A

Inflammation

22
Q

What are facts about the innate immune response?

A

Fast/immediate
Non specific
Pattern recognition receptors
Sense danger-activate adaptive immune response
Integrates invader info
Determines weapons to be used (B vs T cells)
Hard wired memory

23
Q

What are facts about the adaptive immune response?

A

Slow
Specific
Antigen receptors unfocused looking for cognate antigen
Individualized plastic memory

24
Q

What cells are part of myeloid lineage?

A

Granulocytes

  • Neutrophils
  • basophils
  • Mast cells
  • Eosinophils

Myeloid Antigen-presenting cells
-Monocytes (macrophages, dendritic cells)

25
Q

What cells are part of lymphoid lineage?

A
B cells
T cells
-Helper (CD+4)
-Killer (CD+8)
-Regulatory (CD+4)
NK cells
NKT cells