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Immunology > Immune System - Introduction > Flashcards

Immune System - Introduction Flashcards

Components of the immune system: B lymphocytes, T cells, dendritic cells, APCs...

1
Q

The immune system is not localised to a single location (T/F)

A

True; it is spread throughout the body

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2
Q

Immune system function

A

Utilizes a series of defense mechanisms that help protect cells of the body from pathogens

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3
Q

Pathogen - define

A

Living/non living agent that can cause harm to the body cells

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4
Q

Immunology - define

A
  • Branch of biomedical science
  • Deals with the response of an organism to
    antigenic challenge and its recognition of
    what is self and what is not
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5
Q

Leukocytes - define

A

All WBCs

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6
Q

Lymphocyte - what kind of cell is it?

A

Type of WBC

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7
Q

All lymphocytes are leukocytes but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes (T/F)

A

True

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8
Q

Components of the immune system

A

Cells - leukocytes
Tissues
Organs

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9
Q

Tissues in immune system

A

Secondary lymphatic tissues - spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, skin, and liver.

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10
Q

Organs in immune system

A

Bone marrow (sponge-like tissue inside the bones)
Thymus (behind the breastbone above the heart)
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Tonsils
Mucous membranes

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11
Q

Term for cellular differentiation in immunology

A

Haematopoiesis

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12
Q

Pluripotent vs multipotent and unipotent

A

While pluripotent stem cells may give rise to all types of cells in an organism, Multipotent and Unipotent stem cells remain restricted to the particular tissue or lineages.

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13
Q

Multipotential Haematopoietic Stem Cell/HSC is Multipotent i.e. ability to differentiate into all functional blood cells (T/F)

A

True; Responsible for blood and immune cells (white blood cells)

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14
Q

HSC has Self-renewal (T/F)

A

True, has ability to give rise to HSC without differentiation

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15
Q

Common Lymphoid Progenitor/CLP

A

Earliest lymphoid progenitor cell

Gives rise to T, B and NK cells along with DCs

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16
Q

B lymphocyte/ B cell functions

- Named B cell due to location of discovery - where?

A

Found in bone marrow

Produces antigen specific immunoglobulins, aka, antibodies, against invasive pathogens
Also presents antigens and secrete cytokines

B memory cells also

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17
Q

T lymphocyte – T cells functions

- Named T cell due to location of maturation - where?

A

Originates in bone marrow
Matures in Thymus to become mature T cell before being released into periphery

Various types exists with varying functions
Assisting B cells, production of cytokines, regulation of immune responses and killing of infected
and cancerous cells

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18
Q

Natural Killer Cells/NKCs - functions

- Why are they called natural?

A

“Natural” - don’t need priming to kill infected cells; no signal needed – only for cytotoxic T cells

Killing of virally infected cells
Detecting and controlling early signs of cancer

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19
Q

“Natural” as they don’t need priming to kill infected cells, unlike T cells (T/F)

A

True

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20
Q

What is the precursor of erythrocytes, thrombocytes, granulocytes, monocyte-macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells and osteoclasts ?

A

Common Myeloid Progenitor / CMP

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21
Q

Mast cell functions

A

Defense in parasitic infections and role in allergic reactions
Releases cytokines and inflammatory mediators

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22
Q

What is a long lived tissue resident cell in the immune system?

A

Mast Cell

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23
Q

Function of bones in immune system

A

Harbors hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and immune progenitor cells (ability to differentiate into specialized cells).
Osteoclasts break down calcium in bones which moves into blood and osteoblasts deposit calcium into bones

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24
Q

What kind of cell is a Myeloblast

A

Unipotent stem cell
Differentiates into various effector cells

Immature WBC
Forms in BM

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25
Q

Basophil - type of cell

A

WBC

Produced in BM but found all over body

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26
Q

What could low basophil count mean?

A

Severe allergic reaction

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27
Q

Eosinophils - type of cell and function

A

Type of WBC
Causes inflammation
Defense against parasites via antibody or complement system

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28
Q

Most effective phagocyte is?

A

Neutrophils

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29
Q

Bactericidal mechanisms of Neutrophils - explain

A

Neutrophils use oxygen-dependent and oxygen independent processes to kill ingested microorganisms. The phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens leads to the formation of potent antimicrobial ROS

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30
Q

Are monocytes phagocytic?
Where are they found?
Where do they mature?

A

Phagocytic cells found in the blood stream

Matures into macrophages upon migration to tissues

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31
Q

Largest leukocyte

A

Monocyte

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32
Q

Monocytes can differentiate into what cells?

A

Macrophages and myeloid lineage dendritic cells

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33
Q

Monocytes don’t influence adaptive immunity (T/F)

A

False; monocytes influence the process of adaptive immunity.

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34
Q

High and low monocytes indicate what respectively?

A

High levels = chronic infection, an autoimmune or blood disorder, cancer
Low levels = chemotherapy and radiation therapy (injure BM)

35
Q

Macrophages - function

A

Detecting, engulfing and destroying pathogens and apoptotic cells (programmed cell death).

36
Q

Macrophages can be considered the differentiated form of monocytes, why?

A

When there is tissue damage or infection, the monocytes leave the bloodstream and enter the affected tissue or organ and undergo a series of changes to become macrophages.

37
Q

Which immune cell has these functions?
Antigen presentation to T cell
Initiation of activation of B and T cells

A

Dendritic cells

38
Q

Dendritic cells are a messenger between adaptive and innate immune system (T/F)

A

True

39
Q

Lymphoid organs are divided into?

A

Primary/Central Lymphoid Organs and
Secondary/Peripheral Lymphoid
Organs

40
Q

Where are Lymphocytes generated?

A

Primary Lymphoid organs

41
Q

Where are Lymphocytes maintained?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

42
Q

Adaptive immune responses are initiated in which organ?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

43
Q

Which organ allows Ag to enter?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs; Ag cannot enter primary lymphoid organs

44
Q

Major phagocytes of immune system

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

45
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells / APCs

A

B cell, dendritic cells, macrophages

46
Q

Function of Dendritic cells in linking adaptive and innate immunity

A

DCs are sentinels, able to capture, process and present antigens and to migrate to lymphoid tissues to select rare, antigen-reactive Tcellclones.

47
Q

Role of lymphoid organs

A

Develop and provide immunity for thebody

48
Q

Primary lymphoid organs - name them

A 
Bone marrow (blood and immune cells are produced here)
Thymus, where T-lymphocytes mature.
49
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs - name them

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, GALT, MALT, BALT

50
Q

Mature B and T cells enter the bloodstream and migrate to secondary/peripheral lymphoid organs (T/F)

A

True

51
Q

B cells originate in BM and mature in thymus (T/F)

A

False, T cells do this

52
Q

Primary lymphoid organs mature with age (T/F)

A

True

53
Q

Role of secondary lymphoid organs

A

Trap Ag-bearing DCs
Allow initiation of adaptive immune responses
Provide signals to sustain recirculating lymphocytes

54
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs increase in size with age (T/F)

A

True

55
Q

GALT, BALT, MALT

abbreviations and their role

A

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Bronchus Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue
- Found in areas open to outside exposure, easy for pathogen to enter thus these tissues are employed

56
Q

What does the body produce in response to mistaking a normal cell for foreign cell aka allergies?

A

Histamine

57
Q

Lymph is made up of?

A

Serum, not blood

58
Q

What carries lymph?

A

Lymph capillaries

59
Q

Where are lymph nodes located?

A

At points of convergence of vessels of the lymphatic system

60
Q

Ag presenting cells can only pass into the lymph nodes from the infected tissue via Afferent lymphatic vessels (T/F)

A

True, cells move out of the lymph node via efferent lymphatic vessel

61
Q

How is the interaction between dendritic cells, B cells and T cells facilitated?

A

T cella nd B cells enter the lymph node via endothelial venules and leave via efferent lymphatic tissue making them interact from time to time

62
Q

Process of response to infection in the lymph nodes

A
  1. Proteins from pathogen reaches dendritic cells in lymph node / is carried to the lymph node by migrating dendritic cells
  2. Protein fragments “presented” to T cells.
    (Continual interactions btw dendritic cells and T cell ensure that a T cell will soon be found that recognises the pathogen protein)
  3. T cell will divide and coordinate the immune response against the pathogen.
  4. Some of dividing T cells’ daughters travel to B cell follicle and promote B-cell division and maturation (enables production of essential antibodies for fighting many infections)
63
Q

In LNs, B cells are not localised in follicles and T cells are diffusely distributed (T/F)

A

False; In LNs, B cells ARE localised in follicles while T cells are diffusely distributed

64
Q

Function of spleen

A

Collects Ag from the blood

65
Q

What happens to B cells in the spleen?

A

Maturation of B cells into plasma cells in germinal centre of spleen and they produce antibodies

66
Q

Basolateral - define

A

Situated below and toward the side

67
Q

Basolateral membrane - define

A

Fraction of plasma membrane which faces adjacent cells and underlying connective tissue.

68
Q

Where are M cells found?

A

Found in basolateral membrane in intestinal follicle-associated epithelium of intestinal Peyer’s patches of GALT

69
Q

M cells - function in GALT

A

M cells - important for antigen sampling/ taking in antigens to initiate an immune response

70
Q

Why are dendritic cells found in GALT?

A

Important initiating the adaptive immune response

71
Q

B cells in follicles and T cells are also found in GALT (T/F)

A

True

72
Q

Define luminal

A

The inner open space or cavity of a tubular organ, as of a blood vessel or an intestine

73
Q

What are peyer’s patches and where are they found?

A

Small masses of lymphatic tissue found throughout the ileum region of the small intestine.

74
Q

Peyer’s patches - function in intestines

A

Monitors intestinal bacteria populations + prevents growth of pathogenic bacteria in the intestines

75
Q

Follicle Associated Epithelial cells consist of?

A

FAE - Composed of specialized IECs that cover luminal side of the lymphoid follicles of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

76
Q

How does antigen sampling work in GALT?

A
  1. FAEs secrete chemokines that attract lymphocytes and dendritic cells (by receptors)
  2. Dendritic cells know antigen is present and that M cell is about to take it up
  3. M cells takes up Ag by endocytosis
  4. Ag transported from lumen to Peyer’s patches via transcytosis
  5. Peyer’s patches excrete Ag and dendritic cells, present in lumen can now engulf Ag and present to MHC/ adaptive immune cells
77
Q

What is BALT and what does it consist of?

A

A tertiary lymphoid structure.
It is a part of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), and it consists of lymphoid follicles in the lungs and bronchus.

78
Q

BALT - function

A

Protects the respiratory epithelium

79
Q

MALT - function

A

Protects other mucosa

80
Q

Cytokines - functions

A

Chemical messengers - directing cells to do actions

Play roles in:

  • Movement of cells,
  • Differentiation of cells,
  • Activation of cells (e.g. Abs release to activate complement),
  • Increase and decrease an inflammatory response
  • Promotes clearance of dead cells/Ab complex

E.g. cytokines guide HSE to differentiate into progenitors

81
Q

What are gamma delta (γδ) T cells and where are they found?

A

‘Unconventional’ T cells; found in gut mucosa within population of lymphocytes known as intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs)

82
Q

Compare γδ T cells and αβ T cells

A

γδ T cells - expression of T-cell receptors (TCRs) composed of γ and δ chains.
αβ T cells - express αβ TCRs
Note: αβ T cells also called CD4+ helper T cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

83
Q

γδ T cells are more common than αβ T cells with lowest amount found in gut mucosa (T/F)

A

False; this group of T cells is usually less common than αβ T cells, but are at their highest abundance in the gut mucosa

84
Q

Do γδ T cells need antigen processing and presentation?

A

γδ T cells are peculiar in that they do not seem to require antigen processing and major-histocompatibility-complex (MHC) presentation.

Immunology (4 decks)

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