Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology Quiz > Immune System Introduction > Flashcards

Immune System Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 physiologic functions of the immune system?

A

-prevent infections
-eradicate established infections
-protect against cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Immunity

A

resistance to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Immune system

A

collection of molecules, cells, and tissues that mediate resistance to infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Immune response

A

coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system to infectious and noninfectious foreign substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Immunology

A

study of the immune system and its responses to infectious and noninfectious foreign substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

antigen

A

a foreign substance that may or may not induce an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How big does an antigen need to be to induce an immune response?

A

100 kDa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

immunogen

A

an antigen that always induces an immune response
-all immunogens are antigens, but not all antigens are immunogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cytokine

A

proteins produced by many different cell types that mediate inflammatory and immune reactions
-mediate communication between cells of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

chemokine

A

chemoattractive cytokines
-attract cells to sites of infection/inflammation
-play a vital role in cell migration from blood to tissues
-induce chemotaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

chemotaxis

A

target cells moving from lower concentration to higher concentration due to a chemokine
-helps neutrophils move towards and phagocytize pathogens in an inflamed site of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

complement

A

protein produced by macrophages and hepatocytes
-part of innate immunity
-kill pathogens by direct lysis by forming holes or their killing by phagocytes (such as macrophages and neutrophils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

pathogen

A

an organism that causes disease
-pathogens express many antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

microorganism or microbe

A

organism that can be seen only through a microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

extracellular pathogen/microbe

A

a pathogen or microbe that can live, grow, and multiply outside the host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

intracellular pathogen/microbe

A

pathogen or microbe that lives and grows inside the host cell
-viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

commensal bacteria

A

microorganisms living on or within another organism and derive benefit without harming the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

leukocyte

A

AKA WBC
-broad term for all types of immune system cells
-includes neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Kupffer cells

A

fixed macrophages in the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

histiocytes

A

macrophages found in normal connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

microglia

A

macrophages found in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

osteoclasts

A

macrophages found in bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

langerhans cells/dendritic cells

A

macrophages found in skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

lymphocyte

A

cells derived from lymphoid progenitor cells
-includes B cells, T cells, NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of immunity are B cells?

A

humoral immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What type of immunity are T cells?

A

cell mediated immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What type of immunity are natural killer cells?

A

innate immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the primary cells of the adaptive immune system?

A

B and T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the two types T lymphocytes?

A

helper T lymphocytes (Th cells) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (Tc cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Is a lymphocyte and type of leukocyte?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How are different types of lymphocytes distinguished?

A

by expression of surface proteins that are named “CD molecules”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

phagocytosis

A

cellular ingestion of large extracellular substances (such as macrophages engulfing whole bacterium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

opsonization

A

when proteins bind to an antigen to tag it for phagocytosis by phagocytes such as neutrophils or macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the most common proteins to opsonize antigens?

A

antibodies and complement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

extravasate

A

leakage of fluid out of a container

36
Q

extravasation in the context of inflammation

A

WBCs (neutrophils particularly) leaking out of blood vessels in order to reach the site of tissue injury to remove injurious stimuli

37
Q

What to venules contribute to to extravasation?

A

fluid, proteins, and majority of WBCs

38
Q

What do capillaries contribute to extravasation?

A

mostly fluids and proteins and not many WBC

39
Q

Naive T and B lymphocytes

A

not previously encountered their specific antigen and therefore have never responded to it
-all lymphocytes leaving the primary lymphoid organs
-differentiate when stimulated by antigens

40
Q

Effector T and B lymphocytes

A

terminally differentiated from naive T and B cells
-responsible for performing effector functions to eliminate the pathogens or cancerous cells

41
Q

Effector helper T cells

A

Th cells secrete cytokines to help other immune cells

42
Q

effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

CTLs, kill infected cells and cancerous cells

43
Q

plasma cells

A

secrete antibodies

44
Q

What is another name for effector B cells?

A

plasma cells

45
Q

memory B or T cells

A

generated from differentiation of lymphocytes
-not considered effector cells

46
Q

immunoglobulin

A

AKA antibody

47
Q

Where are immunoglobulin (Igs) bound?

A

membrane bound on B cells or a soluble protein produced by the effector B cells (plasma cells)

48
Q

What do Igs act as when membrane bound?

A

B cell receptor (BCR)
-interacts with antigen

49
Q

What are Igs specific for?

A

particular epitope on an antigen

50
Q

What do Igs do when soluble?

A

act to opsonize antigens

51
Q

What do T cell receptors (TCR) do?

A

interact with a particular epitope on an antigen

52
Q

What to TCR require to recognize an epitope?

A

epitope must be presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules of an antigen presenting cell (APC)

53
Q

What do APCs do?

A

internalize antigens and break them down into small pieces and then present them to T cells by their MHC molecules

54
Q

What is a MHC?

A

major histocompatibility complex

55
Q

What is the difference between how BCRs and TCRs recognize antigens?

A

BCR recognize antigens by directly binding to them and they do not require presentation of processed antigens by APCs
-B cells can bind to antigens in their native form, but T cells can not

56
Q

What are the 3 types of APCs?

A

macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

57
Q

What to APCs present to?

A

T cells

58
Q

What is the most efficient APC?

A

dendritic cells

59
Q

epitope

A

alternative term for an antigenic determinant
-immunologically active discrete site on a macromolecular antigen to which an antibody or TCR (T cell receptor) actually binds

60
Q

epitope in the case of a protein antigen recognized by a T cell

A

peptide portion that binds to an MHC molecule for recognition by the TCR

61
Q

epitope in the case of B cells

A

a region of an antigen that antibody bind to with its antigen binding region

62
Q

hypersensitivity

A

inappropriate immune responses such as autoimmune disease
-immune response against body’s own antigens or self-antigens
-hypersensitivity or allergic reactions

63
Q

serum

A

yellow liquid that remains when blood clots and is then centrifuged to remove blood cells and clotting elements

64
Q

Are clotting proteins and cells present in serum?

A

no

65
Q

Are soluble proteins such as immunoglobulins and albumin present in serum?

A

yes

66
Q

antiserum

A

serum containing antibodies against specific antigens
-antiserum against tetanus toxin has antibodies against the tetanus toxin

67
Q

polyclonal antibody

A

a collection of antibodies from different B cells that recognize multiple epitopes of the same antigen
-antibody response generated following immunization or infection is a polyclonal antibody response

68
Q

monoclonal antibody

A

antibody from a single antibody producing B cell
-only binds with one unique epitope

69
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of unclotted blood
-does not include any cells of the blood, but includes all soluble proteins found in serum
-also contains fibrinogen and other soluble clotting elements that are not found in serum

70
Q

What is the oldest system of host defense?

A

innate immunity
-adaptive immunity evolved later

71
Q

What species did adaptive immunity first appear in?

A

jawed vertebrates (sharks, rays, skates)

72
Q

How long does it take for innate immunity to react vs adaptive immunity?

A

innate immunity: minutes to hours
adaptive immunity: days

73
Q

What are the principal components of innate immunity?

A

-anatomical and chemical barriers (skin, mucous membrane, stomach acid, and complement proteins)
-effector cells
-inflammation

74
Q

How long do neutrophils live?

A

short lived (few hours in blood, 1-4 days in tissue)

75
Q

What is the major phagocytic cell of blood?

A

neutrophils

76
Q

What does the nucleus of neutrophils look like?

A

multilobed

77
Q

What is the main role of neutrophils?

A

killing extracellular pathogens
-bacteria or fungi

78
Q

What do individuals with neutrophil defects suffer from?

A

recurrent chest infections with bacteria or fungi and recurrent skin abscesses

79
Q

How long do macrophages live?

A

several months

80
Q

What does the nucleus of a macrophage look like?

A

bean shaped single lobed nucleus

81
Q

What do cytokines play a major role in?

A

initiating adaptive immune responses

82
Q

What is the job of macrophages?

A

-phagocytosis and killing of extracellular pathogens
-secreting cytokines to make blood vessels leaky, attract other leukocytes, and lead to inflammation
-key role in removing debris or necrotic tissue and aged erythrocytes

83
Q

Where do macrophages live?

A

in tissues of all organs
-have names depending on where they are located

84
Q

Why are macrophages called antigen presenting cells (APCs)?

A

-capture pathogens or foreign antigens invading organs, lyse them, and present processed antigens to T cells

85
Q

Macrophages are transformed cells of what cell?

A

monocytes: circulate for 8-70 hours and then migrate into tissues and become macrophages

86
Q

Can macrophages and neutrophils kill intracellular pathogens?

A

no

Immunology Quiz (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions