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Clinical Medicine > Immune System Infection Diseases > Flashcards

Immune System Infection Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

immune system

A

protects “self” from “non-self”

  • non-self: external or internal
  • self: autoimmune response
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2
Q

antigen

A

protein componenent of pathogen that elicits the immune response

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3
Q

specialized cells

A

lymphocytes and phagocytes for response to a foreign substance

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4
Q

antibodies or immunoglobulins

A

protein that destroy antigens

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5
Q

immune system disfunction

A

leads to illness and disease -> varying physiologic change, clinical expression, and functional deficits -> severity

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6
Q

Non-specific Immunity

A
  • response is antigen independent
  • there is immediate maximal response
  • not antigen specific (innate)
  • exposure results in no immunologic memory

ex. mucus membranes

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7
Q

specific immunity

A
  • response is antigen dependent
  • there is lag time between exposure and maximal response
  • antigen specific (adaptive)
  • exposure results in immunologic memory
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8
Q

humoral (antibody mediated)

A

secretion of antibodies by B cells in response to an original pathogen and antigen being presented

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9
Q

cell mediated

A

direct contact with infected cell

t cells can act directly on other t cells to continue a cascade of an immune response

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10
Q

monocyte types

A
  • macrophage
  • dendritic cells
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11
Q

lymphocytes

A
  • b cells
  • t cells
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12
Q

granulocytic cells

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • mast cells
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13
Q

monocytes, lymphocytes, and granulocytic cells are all derived from?

A

hematopoietic stem cells
- differntiated by receptors, immunoglobulins, cell -surface proteins to fac

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14
Q

what differentiates monocytes, lymphocytes, and granulocytic cells?

A
  • receptors
  • immunoglobulins
  • cell surface proteins to facilitate cellular homing, activation and destruction of cells
  • distinct cytokine profiles
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15
Q

innate response happens within?

A

hours (immediately)

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16
Q

adaptive response happens within?

A

days

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17
Q

types of lymphocytes

A
  • b cells
  • helper t cells
  • cytotoxic t cell
  • regulatory t cell
  • natural killer cell
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18
Q

adaptive response

A

antibody- mediates and cell mediated
- provides specificity and memory of previous antigen encounters (vaccinations)

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19
Q

innate immune response

A

generalized immune response includes:
- epithelial barriers
- mucociliary clearance
- phagocytic cells
- complement proteins
this presents antigen to antigen specific immune response

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20
Q

the immune system has 3 lines of defense. what are these defenses?

A

innate/ natural immunity (non-specific)
~1: skin, mucous membranes, normal flora
~ 2: innate immune cells, inflammation, complement, antimicrobial substances

adaptive/ acquired immunity (specific responses)
~ 3: specialized lymphocytes
- b cells
- t cells ( helper and killer t cells)

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21
Q

phagocytes

A
  • cells abundant near mucosal surfaces where microorganisms and debris collect
  • participate in antigen processing and secretion of mediators important to initiation of specific immune responses
  • includes: monocytes and macrophages
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22
Q

monocytes

A

circulate in the blood

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23
Q

macrophage

A

present in tissue

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24
Q

lymphoid organs

A
  • bone marrow
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • tonsils
  • small intestine & appendix aggregated lymphoid nodules
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25
Q

phagocyte to t-cell pathway
(bridge of innate to adaptive system)

A
  • present the foreign material antigen to T lymphocytes
  • T cells trigger release of cytokines
  • cytokine release causes B lymphocytes to produce antibodies
  • antibody molecules released
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26
Q

leukocytes

A
  • lymphocytes are a type of leukocytes
  • All WBCs are created in the bone marrow
    ~ T cells: 70-80% of blood lymphocytes
    ~ B lymphocytes: 10-15 % of blood lymphocytes
    ~ Natural killer = remainder
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27
Q

immature t cells travels from?

A

bone marrow to thymus where it matures

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28
Q

mature t cells migrate from thymus to?

A

lymphoid tissue

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29
Q

t cells move between?

A

circulatory system and lymphatic through hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

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30
Q

lymph fluid

A

collection of interstitial fluid by way of lymph capillaries, cleaned by lymphocytes in the lymphs nodes

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31
Q

T Lymphocytes: antigen specific (adaptive) cell mediated immune response

A

does NOT involve antibodies (humoral)

  • link between phagocytic activity and B cell activation
  • activation of a phagocyte by a pathogen causes an antigen- specific cytotoxic T cell to release cytokine
    ~ release of cytokine activates antigen specific B cells
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32
Q

bridge innate immune to antigen specific involves what cells?

A
  • natural killer t cells
  • t helper cells
  • cytotoxic t cells
  • b lymphocytes
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33
Q

natural killer t cells

A
  • critical cell in the innate immune system (nonspecific pathway)
  • provides a rapid general response to foreign agents
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34
Q

t helper cells

A
  • play a critical role in the adaptive immune system (antigen specific)

1) activate and regulate the release of cytokine from cytotoxic T cells (cell mediator)
2) activate B cells to secrete antibodies

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35
Q

cytotoxic t cell

A
  • initiator of the adaptive immune response
  • release cytokines
36
Q

b lymphocytes

A

secrete antibodies

37
Q

lymphocytes: b cells

A

maturation occurs in the bone marrow -> pre b cells transition into naive b cells ( have not been exposed to an antigen)

b cells circulate from blood to lymph fluid -> antigen activation produces long lasting memory b cells -> live primarily in the spleen and lymph nodes

38
Q

b cell proteins:

A
  • secreted immunoglobin = antibodies
  • surface immunoglobin = antigen receptors
39
Q

leukocytes: neutrophils: innate immune system

A
  • phagocytes that attack small foreign agents
  • attracted to antigens by chemotactic factors -> recruited to inflammatory site by:
    ~plasma activated complements
    ~ leukotriene
  • platelet activating factor

Most abundant white blood cell! 75%

40
Q

neutrophils mechanism of action

A
  • release lysosomal enzymes to destroy larger foreign agents
  • directly contribute to innate immune system
  • indirectly contribute to adaptive immune system (via cytokine production)
  • early responder -> hallmark of acute inflammation
41
Q

leuokcytes: eosinophils: innate immune system

A
  • found in inflammatory sites or sites of immune reactivity
  • less reactive in phagocytosis
  • release chemokines and histamines to attract antigens

~ responsible for combatting parasites and infection

42
Q

leukocytes: basophils: innate immune system

A
  • important for immediate and late phase allergic responses

realeases:
- histamine
- leukotrienes
- prostaglandins
- heparin

~ cell mediators that assist in regulating immune responses

43
Q

histamine

A

vasodilator

44
Q

leukotrienes

A

mediate inflammation

45
Q

prostaglandins

A

inflammation

46
Q

heparin

A

anticoagulation (prevents clotting)

47
Q

mast cell

A

secrete histamines during an allergic reaction

48
Q

lymphatic vessels

A
  • carry lymph fluid which moves immune system cells
    -immune system constantly scanning for antigens
49
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A
  • bones marrow: all immune system cells derived from bone marrow
  • thymus: differentiation of t lymphocytes
50
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • lymph nodes: centralize antigens and promote cell-cell interaction
    ~ t cells to b cells -> antibody activation to prevent the spread of infection
  • spleen: produces and contains b cells and t cells
51
Q

inflammatory mediators

A
  • primarily involved in the cell mediated response
  • secreted by one cell and has an effect on another cell
  • t cell release of cytokine to trigger b cell
  • can up-regulate or down-regulate
52
Q

inflammatory mediator: cytokine

A

protein produced by leukocytes

53
Q

leukotriene

A

lipid produced by leukocytes

54
Q

histamine

A

produced by basophils and mast cells
- plays a central role as a mediator of itching

55
Q

innate immunity

A
  • present at birth (does not require previous antigen exposure
  • toll like receptors (TLRs) on macrophage bind to foreign agents
56
Q

adaptive

A
  • antigen specific
  • characterized by specificity for antigens and immunologic memory
  • contributes to intensified responses
  • primary adaptive response is delayed
  • secondary response is more rapid, large and efficient
57
Q

antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A
  • present an antigen by transcending the innate and adaptive immune systems
  • displays an antigen that is matched with a major histocompatibility complex (MHCs)
    ~ t cells recognize the MHC with t cell receptors
  • typically macrophages and dendritic cells
58
Q

t-lymphocyte recognition and activation

A
  • presentation of antigen from APC (antigen presenting cell) to t helper cells

-activation of T helper cells signals a cascade cellular activation that is critical in the adaptive immune response

  • recognize antigen in the presence of APC with MHC
59
Q

what is the key that unlocks the adaptive immune response and specificity?

A

recognized antigen in the presence of APC with MCH

60
Q

cellular immune response: cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

CTL or natural killer (NK) eliminates foreign antigens -> kills target cells directly

  • speeds up program cell death
61
Q

primary job of B cells?

A

to produce antibodies

62
Q

activation by T cells is what type of mediation and triggers what?

A
  • to produce antibodies
  • tiggers B cells to secrete antigen specific antibodies (antigen specific antibody mediated
63
Q

secondary function of B lymphocytes

A

B cells present antigen back to Cytotoxic T cells for destruction

64
Q

Red blood cells

A
  • erythrocytes
  • oxygen carrying
65
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • iron contain pigment
  • protein that enables RBC to carry O2
66
Q

hematocrit

A

volume RBC take up in blood

67
Q

white blood cells

A
  • leukocytes
  • fight infection and promote wound healing

~ normal count values: 3.5 -10.5 billion cells/Lblood

68
Q

platelet count

A
  • thrombocytes
  • blood cells aggregate
69
Q

blood smear

A

blood cell color, size, and shape

70
Q

why should leukocytosis stand out when treating patients?

A
  • typically is raised when fighting infection
  • a reaction to a drug that increases WBC production
  • or bone marrow or immune system condition
71
Q

what causes depressed WBC count or leukopenia

A
  • viral infection that limits bone marrow output
  • congenital
  • cancer that attacks bone marrow
  • autoimmune disorders
  • severe infection utilizing WBC counts faster than can be produced
72
Q

allergic rhinitis

A

dysfunction in the upper and lower respiratory tract due to hypertensive immune response to normally harmless allergen

73
Q

what is the primary immune cells for allergic rhinitis

A
  • mast cells and basophils
74
Q

signs and symptoms of infection

A
  • heat
  • erythema: red skin, vasodilation and increase capillary permeability
  • pain
  • edema: swelling
75
Q

what is the leading cause of death in developed and undeveloped countries

A

infectious disease
- very young, older adults, immunocompromised and disenfranchised are most at risk

76
Q

exogenous agent

A

introduced from outside the body

77
Q

endogenous agent

A

overcomes the innate immune system

78
Q

squamous epithelium

A

fist line of defense from exogenous pathogens

79
Q

mucous membranes

A

first line of defense; mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and lower urinary tract

80
Q

endocarditis

A

bacterial or fungal infection of cardiac valves

~ juglar vein infection
~ lower extremity edema
~ joint pain and warmth

81
Q

meningitis

A

bacterial or viral

  • associated with significant morbidity and mortality

~ rapid fever onset
~ headache
~ neck stiffness
~confusion
~coma

82
Q

pneumonia

A
  • bacterial viral and fungal
  • accounts for > 1 million hospitalizations and > 50,000 deaths in the US each year
  • risk factors: smoking/ COPD, alcoholism, HIV infection, organ or bone marrow transplantation, drug abuse
83
Q

primary immunodeficiency disorders

A

defect in t cells, b cells, or lymphoid

84
Q

secondary immunodeficiency disorders

A

underlying pathology or treatment that suppresses the immune system

85
Q

immunodeficency disease are characterixed by?

A

depressed or absent immune response

86
Q

autoimmune disease

A

immune system responses directed against the body’s normal tissues (self destructive)

  • etiology is often unknown: environment, hormonal changes, stress, viral infection, genetic?

Clinical Medicine (5 decks)

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