Immune System Infection Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
immune system
A
protects “self” from “non-self”
- non-self: external or internal
- self: autoimmune response
2
Q
antigen
A
protein componenent of pathogen that elicits the immune response
3
Q
specialized cells
A
lymphocytes and phagocytes for response to a foreign substance
4
Q
antibodies or immunoglobulins
A
protein that destroy antigens
5
Q
immune system disfunction
A
leads to illness and disease -> varying physiologic change, clinical expression, and functional deficits -> severity
6
Q
Non-specific Immunity
A
- response is antigen independent
- there is immediate maximal response
- not antigen specific (innate)
- exposure results in no immunologic memory
ex. mucus membranes
7
Q
specific immunity
A
- response is antigen dependent
- there is lag time between exposure and maximal response
- antigen specific (adaptive)
- exposure results in immunologic memory
8
Q
humoral (antibody mediated)
A
secretion of antibodies by B cells in response to an original pathogen and antigen being presented
9
Q
cell mediated
A
direct contact with infected cell
t cells can act directly on other t cells to continue a cascade of an immune response
10
Q
monocyte types
A
- macrophage
- dendritic cells
11
Q
lymphocytes
A
- b cells
- t cells
12
Q
granulocytic cells
A
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- mast cells
13
Q
monocytes, lymphocytes, and granulocytic cells are all derived from?
A
hematopoietic stem cells
- differntiated by receptors, immunoglobulins, cell -surface proteins to fac
14
Q
what differentiates monocytes, lymphocytes, and granulocytic cells?
A
- receptors
- immunoglobulins
- cell surface proteins to facilitate cellular homing, activation and destruction of cells
- distinct cytokine profiles
15
Q
innate response happens within?
A
hours (immediately)
16
Q
adaptive response happens within?
A
days
17
Q
types of lymphocytes
A
- b cells
- helper t cells
- cytotoxic t cell
- regulatory t cell
- natural killer cell
18
Q
adaptive response
A
antibody- mediates and cell mediated
- provides specificity and memory of previous antigen encounters (vaccinations)
19
Q
innate immune response
A
generalized immune response includes:
- epithelial barriers
- mucociliary clearance
- phagocytic cells
- complement proteins
this presents antigen to antigen specific immune response
20
Q
the immune system has 3 lines of defense. what are these defenses?
A
innate/ natural immunity (non-specific)
~1: skin, mucous membranes, normal flora
~ 2: innate immune cells, inflammation, complement, antimicrobial substances
adaptive/ acquired immunity (specific responses)
~ 3: specialized lymphocytes
- b cells
- t cells ( helper and killer t cells)
21
Q
phagocytes
A
- cells abundant near mucosal surfaces where microorganisms and debris collect
- participate in antigen processing and secretion of mediators important to initiation of specific immune responses
- includes: monocytes and macrophages
22
Q
monocytes
A
circulate in the blood
23
Q
macrophage
A
present in tissue
24
Q
lymphoid organs
A
- bone marrow
- thymus
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- tonsils
- small intestine & appendix aggregated lymphoid nodules
25
phagocyte to t-cell pathway
(bridge of innate to adaptive system)
- present the foreign material antigen to T lymphocytes
- T cells trigger release of cytokines
- cytokine release causes B lymphocytes to produce antibodies
- antibody molecules released
26
leukocytes
- lymphocytes are a type of leukocytes
- All WBCs are created in the bone marrow
~ T cells: 70-80% of blood lymphocytes
~ B lymphocytes: 10-15 % of blood lymphocytes
~ Natural killer = remainder
27
immature t cells travels from?
bone marrow to thymus where it matures
28
mature t cells migrate from thymus to?
lymphoid tissue
29
t cells move between?
circulatory system and lymphatic through hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
30
lymph fluid
collection of interstitial fluid by way of lymph capillaries, cleaned by lymphocytes in the lymphs nodes
31
T Lymphocytes: antigen specific (adaptive) cell mediated immune response
does NOT involve antibodies (humoral)
- link between phagocytic activity and B cell activation
- activation of a phagocyte by a pathogen causes an antigen- specific cytotoxic T cell to release cytokine
~ release of cytokine activates antigen specific B cells
32
bridge innate immune to antigen specific involves what cells?
- natural killer t cells
- t helper cells
- cytotoxic t cells
- b lymphocytes
33
natural killer t cells
- critical cell in the innate immune system (nonspecific pathway)
- provides a rapid general response to foreign agents
34
t helper cells
- play a critical role in the adaptive immune system (antigen specific)
1) activate and regulate the release of cytokine from cytotoxic T cells (cell mediator)
2) activate B cells to secrete antibodies
35
cytotoxic t cell
- initiator of the adaptive immune response
- release cytokines
36
b lymphocytes
secrete antibodies
37
lymphocytes: b cells
maturation occurs in the bone marrow -> pre b cells transition into naive b cells ( have not been exposed to an antigen)
b cells circulate from blood to lymph fluid -> antigen activation produces long lasting memory b cells -> live primarily in the spleen and lymph nodes
38
b cell proteins:
- secreted immunoglobin = antibodies
- surface immunoglobin = antigen receptors
39
leukocytes: neutrophils: innate immune system
- phagocytes that attack small foreign agents
- attracted to antigens by chemotactic factors -> recruited to inflammatory site by:
~plasma activated complements
~ leukotriene
- platelet activating factor
Most abundant white blood cell! 75%
40
neutrophils mechanism of action
- release lysosomal enzymes to destroy larger foreign agents
- directly contribute to innate immune system
- indirectly contribute to adaptive immune system (via cytokine production)
- early responder -> hallmark of acute inflammation
41
leuokcytes: eosinophils: innate immune system
- found in inflammatory sites or sites of immune reactivity
- less reactive in phagocytosis
- release chemokines and histamines to attract antigens
~ responsible for combatting parasites and infection
42
leukocytes: basophils: innate immune system
- important for immediate and late phase allergic responses
realeases:
- histamine
- leukotrienes
- prostaglandins
- heparin
~ cell mediators that assist in regulating immune responses
43
histamine
vasodilator
44
leukotrienes
mediate inflammation
45
prostaglandins
inflammation
46
heparin
anticoagulation (prevents clotting)
47
mast cell
secrete histamines during an allergic reaction
48
lymphatic vessels
- carry lymph fluid which moves immune system cells
-immune system constantly scanning for antigens
49
primary lymphoid organs
- bones marrow: all immune system cells derived from bone marrow
- thymus: differentiation of t lymphocytes
50
secondary lymphoid organs
- lymph nodes: centralize antigens and promote cell-cell interaction
~ t cells to b cells -> antibody activation to prevent the spread of infection
- spleen: produces and contains b cells and t cells
51
inflammatory mediators
- primarily involved in the cell mediated response
- secreted by one cell and has an effect on another cell
- t cell release of cytokine to trigger b cell
- can up-regulate or down-regulate
52
inflammatory mediator: cytokine
protein produced by leukocytes
53
leukotriene
lipid produced by leukocytes
54
histamine
produced by basophils and mast cells
- plays a central role as a mediator of itching
55
innate immunity
- present at birth (does not require previous antigen exposure
- toll like receptors (TLRs) on macrophage bind to foreign agents
56
adaptive
- antigen specific
- characterized by specificity for antigens and immunologic memory
- contributes to intensified responses
- primary adaptive response is delayed
- secondary response is more rapid, large and efficient
57
antigen presenting cells (APCs)
- present an antigen by transcending the innate and adaptive immune systems
- displays an antigen that is matched with a major histocompatibility complex (MHCs)
~ t cells recognize the MHC with t cell receptors
- typically macrophages and dendritic cells
58
t-lymphocyte recognition and activation
- presentation of antigen from APC (antigen presenting cell) to t helper cells
-activation of T helper cells signals a cascade cellular activation that is critical in the adaptive immune response
- recognize antigen in the presence of APC with MHC
59
what is the key that unlocks the adaptive immune response and specificity?
recognized antigen in the presence of APC with MCH
60
cellular immune response: cytotoxic T lymphocytes
CTL or natural killer (NK) eliminates foreign antigens -> kills target cells directly
- speeds up program cell death
61
primary job of B cells?
to produce antibodies
62
activation by T cells is what type of mediation and triggers what?
- to produce antibodies
- tiggers B cells to secrete antigen specific antibodies (antigen specific antibody mediated
63
secondary function of B lymphocytes
B cells present antigen back to Cytotoxic T cells for destruction
64
Red blood cells
- erythrocytes
- oxygen carrying
65
hemoglobin
- iron contain pigment
- protein that enables RBC to carry O2
66
hematocrit
volume RBC take up in blood
67
white blood cells
- leukocytes
- fight infection and promote wound healing
~ normal count values: 3.5 -10.5 billion cells/Lblood
68
platelet count
- thrombocytes
- blood cells aggregate
69
blood smear
blood cell color, size, and shape
70
why should leukocytosis stand out when treating patients?
- typically is raised when fighting infection
- a reaction to a drug that increases WBC production
- or bone marrow or immune system condition
71
what causes depressed WBC count or leukopenia
- viral infection that limits bone marrow output
- congenital
- cancer that attacks bone marrow
- autoimmune disorders
- severe infection utilizing WBC counts faster than can be produced
72
allergic rhinitis
dysfunction in the upper and lower respiratory tract due to hypertensive immune response to normally harmless allergen
73
what is the primary immune cells for allergic rhinitis
- mast cells and basophils
74
signs and symptoms of infection
- heat
- erythema: red skin, vasodilation and increase capillary permeability
- pain
- edema: swelling
75
what is the leading cause of death in developed and undeveloped countries
infectious disease
- very young, older adults, immunocompromised and disenfranchised are most at risk
76
exogenous agent
introduced from outside the body
77
endogenous agent
overcomes the innate immune system
78
squamous epithelium
fist line of defense from exogenous pathogens
79
mucous membranes
first line of defense; mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and lower urinary tract
80
endocarditis
bacterial or fungal infection of cardiac valves
~ juglar vein infection
~ lower extremity edema
~ joint pain and warmth
81
meningitis
bacterial or viral
- associated with significant morbidity and mortality
~ rapid fever onset
~ headache
~ neck stiffness
~confusion
~coma
82
pneumonia
- bacterial viral and fungal
- accounts for > 1 million hospitalizations and > 50,000 deaths in the US each year
- risk factors: smoking/ COPD, alcoholism, HIV infection, organ or bone marrow transplantation, drug abuse
83
primary immunodeficiency disorders
defect in t cells, b cells, or lymphoid
84
secondary immunodeficiency disorders
underlying pathology or treatment that suppresses the immune system
85
immunodeficency disease are characterixed by?
depressed or absent immune response
86
autoimmune disease
immune system responses directed against the body's normal tissues (self destructive)
- etiology is often unknown: environment, hormonal changes, stress, viral infection, genetic?
