Immune System & Hormones

Question 1

Difference between Tc cells and NK cells

Answer 1

NK cells are not antigen specific and can act on any cancer/virally infected cells
Tc cells are antigen specific and act on cancer/virally infected cells that have antigen that will bind with its T cell receptors

Question 2

Intrinsic Mitochondrial Pathway

Answer 2

Caspase 9 is activated

Initiated inside the cell in response to cell stress (DNA damage, viral infection, etc)

Question 3

Extrinsic death ligand pathway

Answer 3

Caspase 8 is activated
Phagocytosis
ATP is used and phagocytes engulf cell. Lysosomes break down cell, releasing it then as waste
Death signalling molecule binds to T regulator cell, activating Caspases, forming blebs and leading to the breakdown of cell content into apoptotic bodies.

Question 4

Steps of allergic response

Answer 4

B cells identify pathogen
IgE antibodies are released by plasma cells
IgE antibodies cover mast cell’s membrane, priming it
At second infection, mast cells are primed so an allergic response will occur as antigens bind to IgE antibodies

Question 5

Neurotransmitters

Answer 5

Signalling molecules of nerve cells which are released by neurons and diffuse across synaptic gaps between to neurons to reach other neurons

Question 6

Hydrophilic hormones

Answer 6

Bind to receptors on the outside of cell, singnalling to a secondary messenger within the cell to activate kinase which relays signal to the nucleus for cellular response

Question 7

Hydrophobic hormone

Answer 7

Travel through cell’s membrane and connect to receptor inside cell to trigger cellular response

Question 8

Cell changes in apoptosis

Answer 8

1. Cell shrinkage
2. Membrane forms blebs
3. Organelles fragment
4. Contents becomes apoptotic bodies
5. Apoptotic bodies are released and engulfed by phagocytes

Question 9

Monoclonal antibodies

Answer 9

1. Stop growth of new blood vessels - to stop O2 supply to cancerous cells
2. Signal the attraction of immune cells to attack cancers - by binding to antigens on cancer cell and being markers that attract other immune cells
3. Blocking HER2 receptors on breast cells - from receiving signals for cell division

Question 10

Th cells

Answer 10

Needed to stimulate non-specific immune response by T and (activate) B cells

Question 11

APC + Process of attack on pathogen

Answer 11

Antigen presenting cell (e.g dendritic cell) that processes antigen material and display it on MHC Class II marker for recognition by Th cells. Th cell sends cytokine signal to B cell, which differentiates into Plasma B cells and they release antibodies to attack pathogen.

Question 12

Autoimmune Disorder

Answer 12

Immunodeficiency where immune system does not function

Hypersensitivity where immune system is activated inappropriately - allergic response