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Volume & Surface Area of 3d Shapes > Immune System & Disease > Flashcards

Immune System & Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

The circular piece of DNA inside a bacteria.

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2
Q

Bacteria is _____[Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic]

A

Bacteria is prokaryotic

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of bacteria and what are their general shapes?

A

Bacilli(Rods), Cocci(Circular), and Spirilli(Corkscrew/Spiral)

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4
Q

What are the 2 Kingdoms of bacteria?

A

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

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5
Q

What Kingdom of bacteria lives in harsh environments?

A

Archaebacteria

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6
Q

What do decomposers do?

A

Break down dead organic compounds and releases the nitrogen and other materials back into the environment to be used by other organisms.

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7
Q

What is bacteria’s use in biotechnology?

A

Synthesize drugs via genetic engineering(Recombinant DNA) + Harvest antibiotics to treat other bacterial infections

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8
Q

How does bacteria clean the environment?

A

They digest organic compounds and nitrates to purify water supplies.

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9
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Anything that causes disease.

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10
Q

What are some ways bacteria can cause disease?

A

Damaging host tissue; may enter + interfere with cell.
Releasing toxins; Toxins are poisons derived from microorganisms, causes disease if high concentration.

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11
Q

Which one, Gram Positive or Gram Negative, have more resistance(R gene)

A

Gram Negative is more resistant

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12
Q

What color does an indicator turn if a bacteria is Gram Negative?

A

Pink

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13
Q

What color does an indicator turn if a bacteria is Gram Positive?

A

Purple

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14
Q

What are 5 ways of controlling bacterial disease?

A

Vaccines
Hygiene; Washing hands, using soap, etc.
Cooking; 160 degrees+ kills bacteria
Refrigeration; Cold temp decreases bacteria growth
Sterilization; really hot, kills everything

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15
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

A small or weakened dose of a bacteria or virus is injected into a person, causing an immune response, and memory cells to be created if the real one attacks.

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16
Q

How is a bacterial disease treated?

A

Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, but overuse can cause the bacteria to become resistant.

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17
Q

How is the effectiveness of an antibiotic measured?

A

A zone of inhibition(where there are no bacteria); the bigger the zone, the more effective it is.

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18
Q

What is an Obligate Intracellular Parasite?

A

An organism with no organelles+nucleus, must have a host to reproduce. Ex. Viruses

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19
Q

What is a capsid?

A

The protein surrounding the virus.

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20
Q

What are the 2 ways a virus can reproduce?

A

Lytic Infections/Cycles and Lysogenic Infections/Cycles

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21
Q

What is a lytic infection?

A

An active infection in which the virus goes into a host cell, takes it over, uses the cells DNA to reproduce, and kills the cells, releasing new viruses.

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22
Q

What is a lysogenic infection?

A

A latent infection where the virus injects its DNA/RNA in a cell’s DNA,, which lays dormant in a cell, being reproduced along with the cell, and goes into the Lytic cycle only once it gets triggered by an environmental trigger.

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23
Q

How are viruses used in biotechnology?

A

Viruses act as vectors(transmitting agent) to insert and correct a gene in a cell.

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24
Q

What are two ways viral diseases can be controlled?

A

Vaccines & Hygiene

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25
Q

True or False, viruses can be treated with antibiotics.

A

False, antibiotics do not work on viruses.

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26
Q

What do bacteria lack?

A

Membrane-bound organelles & a true nucleus

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27
Q

What environments do Archaebacteria live in?

A

Extreme environments

28
Q

What type of Archaebacteria lives in a hot spring?

A

Thermophiles

29
Q

What type of Archaebacteria lives in a high salt concentration?

A

Halophiles

30
Q

What type of Archaebacteria lives in a high methane concentration?

A

Methanogens

31
Q

What kingdom of bacteria are responsible for typical diseases?

A

Eubacteria

32
Q

Why is a gram negative bacteria more resistant than a gram positive bacteria?

A

They have two lipid bilayer membranes, compared to only 1.

33
Q

What system is the body’s defense system?

A

The Immune System

34
Q

What is another name for White Blood Cells(WBCs)

A

Lymphocytes

35
Q

What are the 2 types of WBCs?

A

Phagocytes and Lymphocytes

36
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

They engulf and destroy pathogens

37
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A tag or marker that tell what the pathogen is

38
Q

How do WBCs recognize antigens?

A

They have receptors to detect them

39
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

They bind to a pathogen’s antigens and mark the pathogen for destruction.

40
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

A

B-Cells and T-Cells

41
Q

What is another name for an antibody?

A

An Immunoglobulin(Ig)

42
Q

What type of invader do lymphocytes deal with?

A

Specific invaders

43
Q

What is the main function of T-cells?

A

To recognize the pathogen and kill infected body cells

44
Q

What is the main function of B-cells?

A

To make antibodies

45
Q

What antibody(Ig-) causes allergies?

A

IgE

46
Q

What are some things that make up the 1st line of defense?

A

Skin, Sweat, Stomach Acid

47
Q

What are the 3 immune divisions?

A

Nonspecific Defense(1st and 2nd line), Specific Defense(3rd line), and Acquired Immunity

48
Q

What is the main characteristic of the 2nd line of defense?

A

It is an inflammatory response.

49
Q

What causes fevers?

A

Pyrogens raise the body temp, causing a fever.

50
Q

What kinds of WBCs are in the 2nd line of defense

A

Macrophages and Neutrophils engulf the pathogen, and Natural Killer(NK) cells target abnormal body cells.

51
Q

What do Lymph nodes do and what division are they in?

A

They act as filters, and are in the Nonspecific division.

52
Q

Where are B-cells made?

A

Inside the bone marrow(B for bone marrow)

53
Q

Where do T-cells mature?

A

They are made in bone marrow, but they mature in the Thymus(T for thymus)

54
Q

What are the 2 types of primary responses?

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity and Antibody Mediated Immunity(AKA Humoral Immunity)

55
Q

Which types of Lymphocyte carries out Cell-Mediated Immunity?

A

T-cells

56
Q

What do infected cells display on their surface?

A

Antigens

57
Q

Once a macrophage(or any infected body cells) get infected, what are they called?

A

APCs, or Antigen-Presenting Cells

58
Q

What do APCs release?

A

IL-1, or Interleukin-1, a chemical

59
Q

What does IL-1 do?

A

It attracts Helper T-Cells(TH Cells) to it.

60
Q

What do TH cells release once they bind to an APC?

A

IL-2, or interleukin-2

61
Q

What does CD-4 do?

A

It holds the TH cell and the APC together while the TH cell recognizes the pathogen

62
Q

What does IL-2 do?

A

It alerts the rest of the immune system to the pathogen. It helps B-Cells make more antibodies, attracts Cytotoxic(Killer) T-cells(CT cells). REQUIRED FOR DEFENSE

63
Q

What is another name for cell death?

A

Apoptosis

64
Q

How do TC cells cause cell death?

A

They inject toxic chemicals(like Perforin) to cause a cell to Lyse/Burst

65
Q

What do suppressor T-cells(TS cells) do?

A

They stop T and B cells from overreacting or harming the body.

66
Q

What do Memory T-cells(TM cells) do?

A

They cause a secondary immune response if same antigen(i.e pathogen) invades again.

67
Q

What type of Lymphocyte carries out Antibody-Mediated Immunity?

A

B-cells

Volume & Surface Area of 3d Shapes (2 decks)

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