Immune System & Disease Flashcards
What is a plasmid?
The circular piece of DNA inside a bacteria.
Bacteria is _____[Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic]
Bacteria is prokaryotic
What are the 3 types of bacteria and what are their general shapes?
Bacilli(Rods), Cocci(Circular), and Spirilli(Corkscrew/Spiral)
What are the 2 Kingdoms of bacteria?
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
What Kingdom of bacteria lives in harsh environments?
Archaebacteria
What do decomposers do?
Break down dead organic compounds and releases the nitrogen and other materials back into the environment to be used by other organisms.
What is bacteria’s use in biotechnology?
Synthesize drugs via genetic engineering(Recombinant DNA) + Harvest antibiotics to treat other bacterial infections
How does bacteria clean the environment?
They digest organic compounds and nitrates to purify water supplies.
What is a pathogen?
Anything that causes disease.
What are some ways bacteria can cause disease?
Damaging host tissue; may enter + interfere with cell.
Releasing toxins; Toxins are poisons derived from microorganisms, causes disease if high concentration.
Which one, Gram Positive or Gram Negative, have more resistance(R gene)
Gram Negative is more resistant
What color does an indicator turn if a bacteria is Gram Negative?
Pink
What color does an indicator turn if a bacteria is Gram Positive?
Purple
What are 5 ways of controlling bacterial disease?
Vaccines
Hygiene; Washing hands, using soap, etc.
Cooking; 160 degrees+ kills bacteria
Refrigeration; Cold temp decreases bacteria growth
Sterilization; really hot, kills everything
How do vaccines work?
A small or weakened dose of a bacteria or virus is injected into a person, causing an immune response, and memory cells to be created if the real one attacks.
How is a bacterial disease treated?
Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections, but overuse can cause the bacteria to become resistant.
How is the effectiveness of an antibiotic measured?
A zone of inhibition(where there are no bacteria); the bigger the zone, the more effective it is.
What is an Obligate Intracellular Parasite?
An organism with no organelles+nucleus, must have a host to reproduce. Ex. Viruses
What is a capsid?
The protein surrounding the virus.
What are the 2 ways a virus can reproduce?
Lytic Infections/Cycles and Lysogenic Infections/Cycles
What is a lytic infection?
An active infection in which the virus goes into a host cell, takes it over, uses the cells DNA to reproduce, and kills the cells, releasing new viruses.
What is a lysogenic infection?
A latent infection where the virus injects its DNA/RNA in a cell’s DNA,, which lays dormant in a cell, being reproduced along with the cell, and goes into the Lytic cycle only once it gets triggered by an environmental trigger.
How are viruses used in biotechnology?
Viruses act as vectors(transmitting agent) to insert and correct a gene in a cell.
What are two ways viral diseases can be controlled?
Vaccines & Hygiene
True or False, viruses can be treated with antibiotics.
False, antibiotics do not work on viruses.
What do bacteria lack?
Membrane-bound organelles & a true nucleus
What environments do Archaebacteria live in?
Extreme environments
What type of Archaebacteria lives in a hot spring?
Thermophiles
What type of Archaebacteria lives in a high salt concentration?
Halophiles
What type of Archaebacteria lives in a high methane concentration?
Methanogens
What kingdom of bacteria are responsible for typical diseases?
Eubacteria
Why is a gram negative bacteria more resistant than a gram positive bacteria?
They have two lipid bilayer membranes, compared to only 1.
What system is the body’s defense system?
The Immune System
What is another name for White Blood Cells(WBCs)
Lymphocytes
What are the 2 types of WBCs?
Phagocytes and Lymphocytes
What do phagocytes do?
They engulf and destroy pathogens
What is an antigen?
A tag or marker that tell what the pathogen is
How do WBCs recognize antigens?
They have receptors to detect them
What do antibodies do?
They bind to a pathogen’s antigens and mark the pathogen for destruction.
What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?
B-Cells and T-Cells
What is another name for an antibody?
An Immunoglobulin(Ig)
What type of invader do lymphocytes deal with?
Specific invaders
What is the main function of T-cells?
To recognize the pathogen and kill infected body cells
What is the main function of B-cells?
To make antibodies
What antibody(Ig-) causes allergies?
IgE
What are some things that make up the 1st line of defense?
Skin, Sweat, Stomach Acid
What are the 3 immune divisions?
Nonspecific Defense(1st and 2nd line), Specific Defense(3rd line), and Acquired Immunity
What is the main characteristic of the 2nd line of defense?
It is an inflammatory response.
What causes fevers?
Pyrogens raise the body temp, causing a fever.
What kinds of WBCs are in the 2nd line of defense
Macrophages and Neutrophils engulf the pathogen, and Natural Killer(NK) cells target abnormal body cells.
What do Lymph nodes do and what division are they in?
They act as filters, and are in the Nonspecific division.
Where are B-cells made?
Inside the bone marrow(B for bone marrow)
Where do T-cells mature?
They are made in bone marrow, but they mature in the Thymus(T for thymus)
What are the 2 types of primary responses?
Cell-Mediated Immunity and Antibody Mediated Immunity(AKA Humoral Immunity)
Which types of Lymphocyte carries out Cell-Mediated Immunity?
T-cells
What do infected cells display on their surface?
Antigens
Once a macrophage(or any infected body cells) get infected, what are they called?
APCs, or Antigen-Presenting Cells
What do APCs release?
IL-1, or Interleukin-1, a chemical
What does IL-1 do?
It attracts Helper T-Cells(TH Cells) to it.
What do TH cells release once they bind to an APC?
IL-2, or interleukin-2
What does CD-4 do?
It holds the TH cell and the APC together while the TH cell recognizes the pathogen
What does IL-2 do?
It alerts the rest of the immune system to the pathogen. It helps B-Cells make more antibodies, attracts Cytotoxic(Killer) T-cells(CT cells). REQUIRED FOR DEFENSE
What is another name for cell death?
Apoptosis
How do TC cells cause cell death?
They inject toxic chemicals(like Perforin) to cause a cell to Lyse/Burst
What do suppressor T-cells(TS cells) do?
They stop T and B cells from overreacting or harming the body.
What do Memory T-cells(TM cells) do?
They cause a secondary immune response if same antigen(i.e pathogen) invades again.
What type of Lymphocyte carries out Antibody-Mediated Immunity?
B-cells
