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Biology MCAT > Immune System CH 8 > Flashcards

Immune System CH 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Autoimmunity

A

Autoimmunity results when the immune system attacks against itself

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2
Q

What are the two categories of the immune system

A

Innate and Adaptive
Natural and Acquired
Non-specific and Specific

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3
Q

Which immune system division is acquired

A

Adaptive

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4
Q

Which immune system division is natural

A

Innate

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5
Q

Which immune system division is non-specific

A

Innate

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6
Q

Which immune system division is specific

A

Adaptive

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7
Q

Which immune system division is always active agains infections

A

Innate

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8
Q

Which immune system division is not always active against infections

A

Adaptive

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9
Q

Which immune system division targets specific pathogens

A

Adaptive

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10
Q

Which immune system division cannot target specific pathogens

A

Innate

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11
Q

Which immune system division has the capability to store memory of pathogens

A

Adaptive

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12
Q

Which immune system division does not have the capability to retain memory of pathogens

A

Innate

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13
Q

Which immune system division is always learning

A

Adaptive

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14
Q

Which immune system division is not always learning

A

Innate

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15
Q

What kind of defenses does the Innate immune system have

A

non-specific cells and structures

skin - physical barrier 
antimicrobial molecules -- defensins, sweat 
mucus -- lysozymes 
cilia -- physical barries 
stomach acid
good gut bacteria colonized 
complement system
interferons -- proteins that target viruses
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16
Q

What is an innate immune response of the skin

A

physical barrier – 1st line of defense
sweat has antimicrobial properties
defensins contain antibacterial enzymes

17
Q

What is an innate immune response of the respiratory system

A

mucus lined – can trap particles – also has lysozymes that are non-specific bacterial enzymes

cilia to push up and trap pathogens and molecules

18
Q

What is an innate immune response of the gastrointestinal tract

A

stomach acid – eliminates most pathogens

intestines – colonized by good bacteria – microbiome to outcompete the bad pathogens

19
Q

What is the complement system

A

an innate immune response - it is non-specific – comprised of proteins in the blood

the complement systems are associated with antibodies but are considered non-specific because they cannot be modified to target a specific antigen/pathogen

is activated via the classical or alternative pathways

20
Q

Which pathway of the complement system requires antibodies to activate

A

classical – requires binding of antibody to the pathogen to activate

21
Q

Which pathway of the complement system does not require antibodies to activate

A

alternative – does not require binding of an antibody to activate

22
Q

What are Interferons and how do they work

A

proteins that prevent viral replication and dispersion

cause viruses nearby to decrease production of viral and cellular proteins

decrease permeability of these cells – making it harder for the virus to infect

up regulate MCH class I and II molecules which increase the antigen leading to better detection of infected cells to the immune system

responsible for flu-like symptoms such as malaise, tiredness, muscle soreness, and fever

23
Q

What are the different cells types associated with the innate immune system

A 
Macrophages 
Natural Killer Cells 
Granulocytes 
Mast Cells 
Dendritic cells
24
Q

What are the different cell types associated with the adaptive immune system

A

B-cell

T-cell

25
Q

What is the role of macrophages

A

innate

phagocytosis – engulfs and digests pathogens

26
Q

What is the role of Natural Killer Cells

A

innate
NKC cells destroys the bodies own cells that are infected

they also can attack cancer cells

27
Q

What is the role of Mast cells

A

innate

releases histamines and other chemicals to promote inflammation

28
Q

What is the role of Granulocytes

A

innate
three cells types include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

all three granulocyte cells participated in the inflammatory response

29
Q

What is the role of dendritic cells

A

innate
presents antigens to the adaptive immune cells – the adaptive immune cells then induce them to attack bearers of the displayed antigen

30
Q

What is the role of B-cells

A

adaptive

antigens stimulate B-cells to divide and produce antibodies that neutralize invaders or tag them for killing

31
Q

What is the role of T-cells

A

adaptive
a killer T-cell destroys an infected cell in which it detect the presence of antigens

helper and regulatory T-cells coordinate the immune response

32
Q

What is the most populous leukocyte in the blood

A

Neutrophil – a type of granulocyte

33
Q

What is the role of neutrophils and where are they located in the body

A

innate immune response
type of granulocyte – has granules inside them
most populous leukocyte in the blood

short-lived – live about 5 days

phagocytic
can follow bacteria via chemotaxis
can target/detect opsonized bacteria (marked with an antibodies from a B-cell)

pus is the formation of dead neutrophils at the side of an infection

34
Q

What is the role of eosinophils and where are they located in the body

A

innate immune repose
type of granulocyte – contain bright red-orange granules

primarily involved in allergic reactions and invasive parasite infections

once activated eosinophils release large amounts of histamine – an inflammatory mediator – resulting in vasodilation and increased leakiness of the blood vessels – allowing other immune cells to move out of the blood steam and into the tissue – causing inflammation

inflammation is particularity useful agains extracellular pathogens including bacteria, fungi, and parasites

Biology MCAT (3 decks)

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