Immune System and Immunity Flashcards
Immune system is also referred to as the ________.
Lymphatic system
Network of cells, tissues and organs that provides the body mechanisms to resist infection and
disease
Immune system
Lymphoid organs are classified as __________.
Primary or Secondary
Primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow
thymus
secondary lymphoid organs
spleen lymph nodes mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) ------------ cutaneous-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) adenoids lymphatic vessels Peyer's patches tonsils
responsible for B lymph maturation
bone marrow
responsible for T lymph maturation
thymus
provide a location where contact with foreign antigens can occur
secondary lymphoid organs
2 glands located at the back of the nasal passage
adenoids
where are adenoids located
back of the nasal passage
channels throughout the body that carry the lymphocytes to the lymphoid organs and into your circulation
lymphatic vessels
lymphoid tissue in the small intestine
Peyer’s patches
where are peyer’s patches located
small intestine
2 oval masses at the back of the throat which contributes to the immune system
tonsils
filters antigen in the blood
spleen
study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body
Immunology
foreign substances that induce host response
antigens
the condition of being resistant to infection
immunity
first successful invented vaccine
smallpox
who developed first smallpox vaccine
Edward Jenner (late 1700s)
via injection of cowpox (from disease affecting cows; more harmless substance)
father of immunology
Louis Pasteur
the process of making a pathogen less virulent which can take place via heat, aging or chemical means
attenuation
rabies vaccine was developed by
Louis Pasteur
who discovered phagocytosis
Elie Metchnikoff (observed under a microscope that foreign objects introduced into transparent starfish larvae became surrounded by motile, amoeboid-like cells that attempted to destroy penetrating objects
process of cells eating other cells
phagocytosis
who demonstrated that diphtheria tetanus toxins could be neutralized by noncellular portion of the blood of animals previously exposed to the mciroorganisms
Emil von Behring
type of immunity where the noncellular elements in the blood were believed to be responsible for protection from microorganisms.
humoral immunity
showed that the immune response involved both cellular and humoral elements
Almroth Wright
who observed that certain humoral, or circulating, factors called opsonins acted to coat bacteria so that they became more susceptible to ingestion by phagocytic cells.
Almroth Wright
A substance in the blood that increases as a response to an acute conditions such as infection, injury, tissue destruction, some cancers, burns, surgery, or trauma
are inflammation markers that exhibit significant changes in serum concentration during inflammation
acute phase reactant (APR)
serum proteins produced by certain lymphocytes when exposed to a foreign substance and they react
specifically with that foreign substance
antibodies
acute phase reactants are part of (innate/adaptive) immune response
innate
two branches of immunity
innate
adaptive
branch of immunity wherein the individual’s ability to resist infection by means of normally present
body functions.
innate immunity
type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent, and the ability to remember a prior exposure
adaptive immunity
what branch of immunity?
no prior exposure is required
innate
what branch of immunity?
response lacks memory and specificity
innate
what branch of immunity?
subject to influence by factors such as nutrition, age, fatigue, stress and genetic determinants
innate
what branch of immunity?
ability to remember prior exposure
adaptive
what branch of immunity?
memory and specificity result in increased response to pathogen upon repeated exposure
adaptive
T/F:
innate and adaptive immunity operate in combination and are dependent upon one another for maximal effectiveness
TRUE
Cells of Innate Immune System
Leukocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes)
Tissue cells (mast cells, macrophages, dendritic cells)
T/F:
White blood cells (WBCs), or leukocytes, in the peripheral blood play a key role in both innate and adaptive immunity.
TRUE
Blood cells arise from ________.
hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
precursor cells from HSC which would form WBCs
common myeloid precursor
common lymphoid precursor
cells from the common myeloid precursor
WBCs that participate in phagocytosis
cells from the common lymphoid precursor
lymphocytes
where are mature lymphocytes found
peripheral blood
tissues
blood cell formation and development is called
hematopoiesis
T/F:
Phagocytic cells function exclusively for innate immunity
FALSE
Phagocytic cells are
key to innate immunity, but they are also important in processing antigens for the adaptive response.
neutrophil is also termed as ____________.
polymorphonuclear neutrophilic (PMN) leukocyte
neutrophils represent what percentage of the total peripheral WBCs in adults
50%-75%
neutrophils measure _________ um.
10-15 um
which WBCs consist of a nucleus that has between two to five lobes
neutrophils
segs refer to what WBCs
neutrophils
segmented neutrophils
neutrophils contain a large number of neutral staining granules when stained. what types of granules are seen?
2/3 specific granules
1/3 azurophilic granules
neutrophilic granules which contain antimicrobial products such as myeloperoxidase,
lysozyme, elastase, proteinase-3, cathepsin G, and defensins, which are small proteins that have antibacterial activity
Azurophilic granules
primary granules of the neutrophils are referred to as:
azurophilic granules
secondary granules of the neutrophils are referred to as:
specific granules
neutrophilic granules which contain lysozyme, lactoferrin, collagenase, gelatinase, and respiratory
burst components
specific granules
specific granules contain:
lactoferrin lysozymes collagenase gelatinase respiratory burst components
azurophilic granules contain:
myeloperoxidase lysozymes elastase proteinase-3 cathepsin G defensins
WBC whose main function is phagocytosis, which result in destruction of foreign particles
neutrophils
neutrophils may circulate freely for how many hours
6-8 hrs
this pool allows neutrophils to move from circulating blood to tissues
margination (marginating pool)
the process of cells moving from the circulating blood to the tissues (movement through blood vessel walls)
diapedesis
chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in particular direction
chemotaxins
T/F:
Once in the tissues, neutrophils have a life span of up to several days.
TRUE
T/F:
Normally, the influx of neutrophils from the bone
marrow equals the output from the blood to the tissues to maintain a steady state.
TRUE
In the case of acute infection, an increase of neutrophils in the circulating blood can occur almost immediately.
TRUE
Demonstrate hematopoiesis
CMP
- eosinophils/basophils
- neutro/monocyte/dendritic
- RBC/platelets
CLP
- T/NK progenitors (T cells, NK cells)
- B-cell progenitor (B cells, dendritic*)
eosinophils measure _________um.
approx. 12-15 um
eosinophils make up _______% of circulating WBCs in a nonallergic person
1%-3%
WBC which increases in an
allergic reaction or in response to certain parasitic infections.
eosinophils
WBC which has a bilobed or ellipsoidal nucleus and is often centrally located
eosinophil
which WBC take acidic dye and the cytoplasm is filled with large orange to reddish orange granules
eosinophils
WBCs with spherical and evenly distributed granules throughout the cells
eosinophils
eosinophil granules contain:
catalase lysozyme cytokines growth factors cationic proteins
WBC capable of phagocytosis but much less efficient than neutrophils
eosinophils
why are eosinophils less efficient in phagocytosis as compared to neutrophils
eosinophils are present in smaller numbers and they lack digestive enzymes
eosinophils are able to neutralize which cells
basophils
mast cells
WBC which use cationic proteins to damage cell membranes and kill
larger parasites that cannot be phagocytized
eosinophils
most important role of eosinophils
regulation of immune response (e.g, regulation of mast cell function)
least numerous of WBCs found in peripheral blood
basophils
basophils make up ________ of all circulating WBCs.
<1%
smallest granulocyte
basophils
T/F:
basophils are slightly larger than RBCs
TRUE
WBC which contain coarse, densely staining deep-bluish-purple granules that often obscure nucleus
basophils
eosinophil granules are ___________ in color.
reddish orange
basophil granules are _________ in color.
deep blue/purple
basophil granules contain:
histamine
cytokines
growth factors
heparin
WBC which regulate T helper cell responses and stimulate B cells to produce IgE antibody
basophils
