Immune System and Disease/Injury Flashcards
What are the 7 mechanisms of cell damage?
Ischemia, Infectious agents, Immune reactions, Genetic factors, Nutritional factors, Physical factors, Chemical factors
What are some types of infectious agents?
Bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas, fungi,
protozoa
What do infectious agents do?
release exotoxins - each exotoxin has a different effect (some cause cell death, some spread infection)
What are some examples of an overactive immune response?
allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases
How can genetic factors cause cell injury or death?
Genetic alterations cause cell injury or death by:
1. Changing the structure or number of chromosomes
2. Single mutations of genes
3. Multiple gene mutations that interact with environmental
factors
What nutritional factors lead to cell injury or death?
Imbalances in essential nutrients can cause cell death and injury.
What physical factors cause cell injury or death?
Trauma and physical agents such as extreme temperatures, radiation, and electricity
How do mechanical factors lead to cell injury or death?
“Physical stress theory” proposes that changes in the level of physical stress cause a predictable adaptive response in all biologic tissues.
Failure of a tissue occurs when the load exceeds the tolerance of the tissue.
What chemical factors lead to cell injury or death?
Toxic substances can cause direct cell injury.
What type of factor leading to cell injury or death can be metabolically transformed?
chemical
free radical formation, antioxidants, nitric oxide, exercise
"Stress is small in magnitude, short in duration and cell can return to homeostasis with removal of the stress; Cell adapts in order to continue to function by changing in size, number, function" are characteristics of what type of cell injury?
Reversible
“Stress is too large in duration or
magnitude for the cell to adapt; Nucleus can be damaged; mitochondria can lose their
ability to synthesize ATP; After cell death lysosomes
release digestive enzymes leading to necrosis” are characteristics of what type of cell injury?
Irreversible
What are symptoms?
subjective indications of disease reported
by the patient, such as pain, dizziness, and itching
What are signs?
objective evidence of disease observed on
physical examination, such as abnormal pulse or
respiratory rate, fever, sweating, and pallor
What is a syndrome?
Certain sets of signs and symptoms occur concurrently in some diseases
What are some tools/information used to diagnose a disease?
lab tests, diagnostic-imaging, biopsy, physical examination, medical history, family history, medication history
What is a prognosis?
the predicted course and outcome of
the disease
What is an acute disease?
Quick onset, short duration, e.g., influenza,
measles and the common cold
What is a chronic disease?
A disease may begin insidiously and be
long-lived; e.g., arthritis, hypertension
What is a terminal disease?
A disease that will end in death
What are the 3 stages of disease?
Remission, Exacerbation, Relapse
What is “sequela”?
Aftermath of disease, e.g., paralysis following
polio
What is “mortality”?
Measure of death attributed to disease
What is “morbidity”?
Measure of disability
