Immune System and Disease/Injury

Question 1

What are the 7 mechanisms of cell damage?

Answer 1

Ischemia, Infectious agents, Immune reactions, Genetic factors, Nutritional factors, Physical factors, Chemical factors

Question 2

What are some types of infectious agents?

Answer 2

Bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas, fungi,

protozoa

Question 3

What do infectious agents do?

Answer 3

release exotoxins - each exotoxin has a different effect (some cause cell death, some spread infection)

Question 4

What are some examples of an overactive immune response?

Answer 4

allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases

Question 5

How can genetic factors cause cell injury or death?

Answer 5

Genetic alterations cause cell injury or death by:
1. Changing the structure or number of chromosomes
2. Single mutations of genes
3. Multiple gene mutations that interact with environmental
factors

Question 6

What nutritional factors lead to cell injury or death?

Answer 6

Imbalances in essential nutrients can cause cell death and injury.

Question 7

What physical factors cause cell injury or death?

Answer 7

Trauma and physical agents such as extreme temperatures, radiation, and electricity

Question 8

How do mechanical factors lead to cell injury or death?

Answer 8

“Physical stress theory” proposes that changes in the level of physical stress cause a predictable adaptive response in all biologic tissues.

Failure of a tissue occurs when the load exceeds the tolerance of the tissue.

Question 9

What chemical factors lead to cell injury or death?

Answer 9

Toxic substances can cause direct cell injury.

Question 10

What type of factor leading to cell injury or death can be metabolically transformed?

Answer 10

chemical

free radical formation, antioxidants, nitric oxide, exercise

Question 11

"Stress is small in magnitude, short
in duration and cell can return to
homeostasis with removal of the
stress; Cell adapts in order to continue to
function by changing in size,
number, function" are characteristics of what type of cell injury?

Answer 11

Reversible

Question 12

“Stress is too large in duration or
magnitude for the cell to adapt; Nucleus can be damaged; mitochondria can lose their
ability to synthesize ATP; After cell death lysosomes
release digestive enzymes leading to necrosis” are characteristics of what type of cell injury?

Answer 12

Irreversible

Question 13

What are symptoms?

Answer 13

subjective indications of disease reported

by the patient, such as pain, dizziness, and itching

Question 14

What are signs?

Answer 14

objective evidence of disease observed on
physical examination, such as abnormal pulse or
respiratory rate, fever, sweating, and pallor

Question 15

What is a syndrome?

Answer 15

Certain sets of signs and symptoms occur concurrently in some diseases

Question 16

What are some tools/information used to diagnose a disease?

Answer 16

lab tests, diagnostic-imaging, biopsy, physical examination, medical history, family history, medication history

Question 17

What is a prognosis?

Answer 17

the predicted course and outcome of

the disease

Question 18

What is an acute disease?

Answer 18

Quick onset, short duration, e.g., influenza,

measles and the common cold

Question 19

What is a chronic disease?

Answer 19

A disease may begin insidiously and be

long-lived; e.g., arthritis, hypertension

Question 20

What is a terminal disease?

Answer 20

A disease that will end in death

Question 21

What are the 3 stages of disease?

Answer 21

Remission, Exacerbation, Relapse

Question 22

What is “sequela”?

Answer 22

Aftermath of disease, e.g., paralysis following

polio

Question 23

What is “mortality”?

Answer 23

Measure of death attributed to disease

Question 24

What is “morbidity”?

Answer 24

Measure of disability

Question 25

What initiates tissue healing?

Answer 25

blood circulation breaking down and removing

necrotic tissue