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Chapter 21 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Innate (nonspecific) system

A

Respond quickly And consists ofFirst and second line of defense

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2
Q

First line of defense

Innate

A

Skin and mucosa prevent Entry of microorganisms “don’t let em in”
Physical- keratin
Chemical- salt, Hcl, lysosomes, dermicidin

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3
Q

Second line of defense

Innate

A

Anti-microbial proteins phagocytes and other cells
Inhibit spread of invaders throughout the body
Inflammation is it’s most important mechanism
Cells and chemicals are nonspecific

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4
Q

Adaptive (specific) defense system

A 
Third line of defense
mount an attack against particular foreign substances
Takes longer to react than the innate
Works in conjunction with the innate
T cells and B cells
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5
Q

Nonspecific cellular & chemical devices

A

Phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells
Antimicrobial proteins in blood and tissue fluid
inflammatory response enlists macrophages, mast cells , WBCs and chemicals

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6
Q

Mechanisms of phagocytosis

A
  1. Microbes adhere to the phagocyte
  2. Pseudopods engulf the particular antigen into a phagosome
  3. phagosomes fuse with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome
  4. Invaders in the phagolysosome are digested by proteolytic enzymes
  5. Indigestible and residual material is removed by exocytosis
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7
Q

Phagocytic mobilization

4 steps

A
  1. Leukocytosis- neutrophils are released from bone marrow in response to leukocytosis inducing factors released by injured cells
  2. Margination- Neutrophils cling to the walls of capillaries in the injured area
  3. Diapedesis- Neutrophils squeeze through capillary walls and begin phagocytosis
  4. Chemotaxis- Inflammatory chemicals attract neutrophils to the injury site
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8
Q

Inflammation

A

Triggered when body tissues are injured, prevents spread of damaging agents to nearby tissue, disposes all debris and pathogens, sets stage for repair processes

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9
Q

Four cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Calor- heat
Rubor- redness
Tumor- swelling
Dolor- pain at site

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10
Q

Exudate

A

Fluid containing proteins, clotting factors and antibodies

exudates seeps into tissue spaces causing local edema, which contributes to the sensation of pain

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11
Q

Fixed macrophages

A

Kupffer cells (liver)
Microglia (brain)
Langerhans (skin)

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12
Q

Chief phagocytic cell

A

Macrophage

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13
Q

Edema

A

The surge of protein rich fluids into tissue spaces
Help dilute harmful substances
brings in large quantities of oxygen and nutrients needed for repair
Allows entry of clotting proteins which prevent the spread of bacteria

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14
Q

Pus

A 
Material in severely infected area 
dead/dying neutrophils 
Broken down tissue 
dead/living pathogens 
if not cleared out abscess can occur
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15
Q

Infectious granuloma

A

Tumor like growth that contains a central region of infected macrophages.
bacteria survive and can break out when persons resistance is compromised

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16
Q

The most important antimicrobial proteins are

A

Interferon

complement proteins

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17
Q

Interferon

A

Interferes with viral replication
Leave infected cell enter neighbor cell and activates genes for antiviral proteins
Also activate macrophages and mobilize NKs

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18
Q

Complement

A

Enhances or complements immune response

  1. Inflammatory response- stimulates mast cells & basophils to release histamine
  2. Opsonization: coats bacteria w/ opsonins make them more tasty for phagocytes
  3. MAC membrane attack complex- coats bacteria creates holes in membrane
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19
Q

What is the body’s thermostat

A

Hypothalamus

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20
Q

Adaptive (specific) defenses

A

Adaptive immune system includes the antibodies
It is specific
Systemic
Has a memory

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21
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Antibodies circulate through the blood and lymph and bind to invaders to inactivate them and mark them for destruction

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22
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

Lymphocyte themselves, rather than antibodies, kill invaders directly or indirectly with chemical mediators

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23
Q

Antigen

A

Substances that mobilize immune system and provoke an immune response

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24
Q

Nonself

A

Ultimate targets of all immune responses are mostly large, complex molecules, not normally found in the body

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25
Q

Immunogenicity

A

Ability to stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes and antibody production

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26
Q

Reactivity

A

Ability to react with products of activated lymphocytes in the antibodies released in response to them

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27
Q

Which is the strongest antigen?

A

Protein

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28
Q

Complete antigen

A

When the whole thing is an antigen

properties: immunogenicity and reactivity
example: foreign proteins, nucleic acid, some lipids, polysaccharides

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29
Q

Haptens

A

Incomplete antigen

Ex: detergents, cosmetics, dander, poison ivy

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30
Q

Antigenic determinants

A

is the part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system, specifically by antibodies, B cells, or T cells

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31
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Two classes

A

Proteins that mark a cell as “self”

Class I MHC proteins
Class II MhC proteins

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32
Q

Class I MHC protein

A

Found in virtually all body cells

T cytotoxic cells Check the proteins if it is not a self protein it kills it

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33
Q

Class II MHC protein

A

Found on certain cells in the immune response

T Helper checks and macrophages kill the nonself cells

34
Q

T cell maturation

A

In the thymus under negative and positive selection pressure

35
Q

Positive selection

A

“Selects for” T cells capable of interacting MHC They become both immunocompetent and self tolerant
Others die by apoptosis are engulfed by macrophages this takes place in the thymic cortex

36
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

37
Q

Negative selection

A

After they pass positive selection the thymocytes enter the medulla. They are again presented with self antigen in complex with MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells. Thymocytes that interact to strongly with the antigen receive an apoptotic signal

38
Q

Immunocompetence

A

B or T cells.
Display a unique type of receptor that respond to a distinct antigen
Become immunocompetent before they encounter antigens that may later attack

39
Q

What determines which foreign substances are immune system will recognize and resist

A

Genes not antigens

40
Q

A naïve cell

A

Antigen that may later attack

41
Q

B cell maturation

A

Less understood, become immunocompetent and self tolerant in bone marrow

42
Q

Anergy

A

Self reactive B cells are inactivated

43
Q

Clonal deletion

A

Kills self reactive B cells

44
Q

Receptor editing

A

B cells undergo a rearrangement of their antigen binding receptors

45
Q

Antigen presenting cells APCs

A

Major role is to engulf foreign antigens and present fragments of these antigens on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by Tcells

46
Q

How did B cells work

A

B cell -> clone -> plasma cell -> antibodies and memory cell

47
Q

Plasma cells

A

Most clone cells become antibody secreting

48
Q

Memory cells

A

Close that do not become plasma cells become these. immediate response to subsequent exposure of the same antigen

49
Q

Antibodies

A

Bind to free antigens, Mark antigen for destruction by specific or nonspecific mechanisms

50
Q

Do antibodies kill bacteria?

A

No

51
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

Response to a bacterial or viral infection

52
Q

Artificially acquired active immunity

A

Response to a vaccine

53
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity

A

From the mother to the fetus via the placenta

54
Q

Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

From the injection of a serum such as a gamma globulin

55
Q

Immunoglobulins

A

Constitute the gamma globulin portion of blood proteins, Are soluble proteins, Activated B cells and plasma cells in response to an antigen, capable of binding specifically w/ that antigen

56
Q

IgG

A

Only one that can cross the placenta, main class of antibodies most abundant, Most diverse

57
Q

IgA

A

Mostly in tears, milk, mucous, saliva. Prevent pathogens from attaching to epithelium

58
Q

IgM

A

Large macromolecule, antibody of ABO blood types

59
Q

IgE

A

Associated with basophil and mast cells, causes the cells release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals. elevated in patients allergies or internal parasites

60
Q

IgD

A

Found on B cell membrane, function as an antigen receptor of B cell found in many species, but not well understood

61
Q

Variable reason vs constant region

A

Each chain has a variable (v) region at one end and a constant (c) region at the other

62
Q

Somatic recombination

A

Gene segments are shuffled and combined in different ways by each B or T cell as it becomes immunocompetent; info of the newly assembled gene is expressed as B and T cell receptors as antibodies

63
Q

Plan of attack

A 
Defensive mechanisms used by antibodies 
Precipitation
Lysis 
Agglutination
Neutralization
64
Q

Precipitation

A

Soluble molecules are cross-linked into large insoluble complexes (IgM IgG IGA) clumped antigen easier for phagocytes to engulf

65
Q

Lysis

A

Activates (MAC) Membrane attack complex bores holes in bacterial membrane (IgM, IgG)

66
Q

Agglutination

A

Antigen, antibodies reaction causes microbes to stick together IgM is strong, IgA is week

67
Q

Neutralization

A

Antibodies bind to block specific sites on viruses or exotoxins thus preventing these antigens from binding to receptors on tissue cells

68
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Pure antibody preparation, specific for a single antigenic determinant, produced from descendants of a single cell

69
Q

Hybridomas

A

All hybrids made from a fusion of a tumor cell to a B cell have desirable properties of both parent cells - indefinite proliferation as well as the ability to produce a single type of antibody

70
Q

How do T cells work

A

Recognize self and nonself

71
Q

Cytotoxic T cell

A

Destroy cells harboring foreign antigens attack cells infected by viruses

72
Q

Helper T cell

A

Stimulate growth and differentiation of B and T cells they’re like generals and tell what to do

73
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells destroy their target cells

A

They both used perforin to bore holes into target cells

74
Q

MALT vs GALT

A

MALT- Mucosal immune system- GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract, mammary glands

GALT-gut associated lymphoid tissue peyers patch, appendix, tonsils and adenoids

75
Q

What are privileged sites and why do we have them

A

The uterus, testees and anterior chamber of the eye.
are isolated from adaptive immune system
after puberty our bodies change protects reproductive so we can create life.
Prevents the eye from being attacked by the foreign matter that lands on the eye

76
Q

What are compromised individuals

A

They have impaired resistance
Young- Immune system not developed
Elderly- cell mediator response in decline
Season- In June T cell at lowest level
PoOr nutrition- impairs antibody synthesis
Excessive exercise- Depressed immune system
Pregnancy- Cell mediated immunity decreases
Traumatic injury- Tissue repair competes for proteins

77
Q

Autographs

A

Grafts transplanted from one site of the body to another in the same person

78
Q

Isografts

A

Grafts between identical twins

79
Q

Allografts

A

Transplants between individuals that are not identical twins but belong to same species

80
Q

Xenografts

A

Grafts taken from another animal species

81
Q

Immunodeficiencies

A

Congenital and acquired conditions in which function or production of an immune cells phagocytes or complement is abnormal

Chapter 21 (1 decks)

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