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Immune System > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Resistance

A

The body’s ability to counteract foreign invaders

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2
Q

Susceptibility

A

Our ability to fight off pathogens

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3
Q

Immunity

A

The ability to fight off pathogens

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4
Q

Non-Specific Immunity

A

Causes immune reaction against all foreign invaders

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5
Q

Four types of non-specific immunity

A
  1. Barriers
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Chemical attack
  4. Inflammation
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6
Q

Barriers

A

Skin, tears, mucous (respiratory ), acid ( stomach)

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7
Q

2 types of Chemical action

A
  1. Complement 2. Interferon
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8
Q

What is a Complement

A

A group of proteins that become activated when in contact with a foreign substAnce
- work like clotting mechanism

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9
Q

What does a complement do

A
  • makes foreign body easier to recognize and find in order for macrophage to destroy it
  • attaches to cell and till poke a hole and lyse cell or act ad a flag for phagocytes to colonize and destroy
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10
Q

What is the final stage for a complement

A

Phagocytosis or inflammation or bacterial rupture

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11
Q

What is interferon

A

Chemical produced by a cell that is infected by a virus

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12
Q

What does Interferon do

A

Infected cells produce interferon and diffuse it to neighbouring cells to warn them that they are infected with a virus

  • cells with produce a protein that will protect them from the virus overtaking the cells
  • these cells will produce more interferon
  • cells will reinforce their nuclear membrane and cell
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13
Q

Interferon can be used in what treatment

A

Prevent spreading in viral cancers

- used as a type of chemo

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14
Q

Interferon won’t protect

A

Cells that are already infected with the virus but it will prevent u infected cells from being overtaken by the virus

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15
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

Action of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and macrophages as they ingest foreign substances
- solid materials

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16
Q

What is pinocytosis

A

Investor of fluid to destroy it

Ex mosquito saliva or snake venom

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17
Q

What are the two types of inflammation

A
  1. Localized

3. Systemic

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18
Q

What is localization

A

Redness, warmth and swelling exhibited in a specific part of the body
- usually helpful as it tried to inhibit foreign particles at source and localize damage and will also activate the response of phagocytosis

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19
Q

What is systemic inflammation

A

Causes increase in temperature (fever) to speed up metabolism in body to negatively affect pathogens metabolism

  • also causes bone marrow to increase white blood cell production
  • more neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes produced
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20
Q

What might systemic inflammation cause that could be life threatening

A

May cause blood vessels to dilate and cause a drop in blood pressure and induce shock like symptoms

  • required medical help
  • widespread ex. Anaphylaxis or septicaemia
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21
Q

Histomine

A

Chemical responsible for inflammation

Produced by basophils

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22
Q

Vasodilation

A

Brings more blood to effected area
Takes away toxins
Creates the warmth

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23
Q

Specific immunity

A

Immunity that is specific to the foreign substances and involves the body developing immune memory if pathogen invades a second time

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24
Q

What are the two types of specific immunity

A
  1. Inherited or inborn immunity

2. A quid immunity

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25
Q

Inherited or inborn immunity

A

Immunity that we are born with even though we have nebr been introduced to it
Immunity to the diseases of other species
Ex distemper

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26
Q

What daw the four types of Acquired immunity

A

Active natural
Passive natural
Active artificial
Passive artificial

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27
Q

Active immunity

A

You produce the antibodies

Gives you memory and long term immunity

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28
Q

Passive immunity

A

Someone else makes the antibodies and gives the, to you

No memory and short term immunity

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29
Q

Natural immunity

A

Exposure through day to day life or actions

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30
Q

Artificial immunity

A

Exposure by unnatural means

Ex. Injections, nasal spray

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31
Q

Active natural immunity

A

Immunity develops when a person is exposed to a disease, contracts the disease and recovers from it
- exposed through daily living
- long term immunity and memory
Ex. Get cold, recover, never get the same cold again

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32
Q

Passive natural immunity

A

Immunity occurs when. Other lasses her immunity or antibodies to fetus across the placenta or to a newborn through breast milk
- short term and no memory

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33
Q

Active artificial immunity

A

Immunity develops when exposed to specially prepared antigen is introduced to the system deliberately to provoke the immune response
Ex. Vaccinations Long term immunity and memory

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34
Q

Passive artificial immunity

A

Immunity occurs when antibodies developed in another person or species are injected to a person who has been exposed to a disease or a person or species exposed to a toxin or disease
- aka antibodies produced in lab
- ex immunoglobulin injection for rabies or anti venoms
Short term. No memory

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35
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

An inappropriate and excessive immune response

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36
Q

3 types of hypersensitivity responses

A

Allergy
Autoimmunity
Isoimmunity

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37
Q

Allergy

A

An inappropriate response to harmless environmental agents After sensitization antibodies igG react and release histamine which brings on itching eyes and runny nose

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38
Q

Excessive immune response to allergy causes

A

Restriction of airways, dialated blood vessels and irregular heart rhythms aka anaphylactic shock
Can cause cellular response - contact dermatitis

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39
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Inappropriate response to antigens that are part of ones self
Results in autoimmune disorders
Immune systems attacks cells and tissue to destroy them which causes the symptoms
Ex. Rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythrmstosis

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40
Q

Isoimmunity

A

An excess response to antigens fro, a different individual of the same species
Ex. Erythroblastosis fetalisis, skin graphs, organ transplant

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41
Q

Two ways to prevent isoimmunity

A
  1. Immunosuppressants such as cytoporine that inhibits b+t cell production
  2. Tissue typing
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42
Q

Immune system deficiency

A

The disruption of lymphocyte function results in failure of immune system to defend against antigens

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43
Q

Main characteristics of immune system deficiency

A

Development of unusual reoccurring infections and or cancer

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44
Q

Two types of Immune system deficiency

A
  1. Congenital immune deficiency

2. Acquired immune deficiency

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45
Q

Congenital immune deficiency

A

Rare improper lymphocyte development before birth due to a genetic defect in effecting b or T cell lymphocytes or both
Occurs in improper development of stem or precursor cells in bone marrow or lymphatic system

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46
Q

Treatment for congenital immune deficiency

A

Injection of prepared antibodies called gamma globulins (igG) or bone marrow transplants

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47
Q

Acquired immune deficiency

A

Develops after birth and is not replaced to a genetic defect
May be caused by nutritional deficiency, immunosuppressant therapy , trauma, viral infection, lack of sleep, age, lifestyle
Ex. AIDS HIV

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48
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

When our body mistakes our own cells as being foreign and develops an immune response

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49
Q

Where are t lymphocytes produced

A

In the thymus gland

They enter the blood stream and go to lymphoid tissue

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50
Q

What are t lymphocytes responsible for

A

Cell mediated immunity (t cells dictate attacking an invading antigen)

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51
Q

What are the four types of T cells ?

A
  1. Killer T cells, cyptoxic cells, NK (natural killer cells)
  2. Helper T cells
  3. Suppressor Cells
  4. memory T cells
52
Q

Killer T cells

A

Directly destroy antigen

53
Q

Helper T cells

A

Stimulate production of more T and B lymphocytes

54
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Decrease immune response of lymphocytes when antigen has been destroyed and invasion is under control

55
Q

Memory T cells

A

Develop memory to start immune spouse if that antigen is detected again

56
Q

Where are b lymphocytes produced ?

A

In the bone marrow

57
Q

Where are b lymphocytes stored?

A

In the liver marrow and spleen

58
Q

What are the two types of B cells?

A
  1. Plasma cells

2. Memory cells

59
Q

What do plasma B cells do ?

A

Produce antibodies

60
Q

What to memory B cells do?

A

Develop memory of antigen and start immune response if antigen is contacted again

61
Q

What do B lymphocytes do?

A

Responsible for antibiotic mediated immunity

62
Q

B cells are stimulated into action by ..?

A

Helper T cells

63
Q

What are antibodies ?

A

Specialized proteins that have a binding site for matching to a specific antigen

64
Q

Where are antibodies found?

A

Circulating freely I’m Blood and lymph fluid

Can travel to site of infection to help inactivate invading antigens binding to them

65
Q

Antibodies are considered to be _____ response.

A

Primary

66
Q

3 ways the binding of an antibody to an antigen can change it to a harmless protein

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Agglutination
  3. Complement binding
67
Q

What is neutralization ?

A

When antibodies attach to the antigen they interfere with the toxins chemical mechanisms and neutralization their effect

68
Q

Agglutination

A

When the antibodies attach to the antigen sites they may cause the antigen to clump together or agglutinate making them more easily phagocytized and destroyed in large numbers

69
Q

Complement binding

A

Activates a complement cascade which results in proteins boring holes in the antigen so sodium and water can enter cell and cause it to rupture due to osmotic pressure

70
Q

What type of protein are antibodies made of ?

A

Globulins

Or immunoglobulins because they deal with immunity

71
Q

What are the five classss of immunoglobulins?

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgA
  3. IgM
  4. IgE
  5. IgD
72
Q

IgG

A 
Found In plasma 
Most abundant 
Smallest - can cross placenta 
Passive natural immunity 
Responsible for erythroblastosis fetalais and Rh- reactions
73
Q

IgA

A

Found in mucous membrane secretions
Ex. Salk is, mucous, tears, breast milk, ear wax
Protect the membrane

74
Q

IgM

A 
Found on b lymphocytes 
Largest 
Work through agglutination 
Cause ABO transfusion reactions 
5 binding sites
75
Q

IgE

A

Found on b lymphocytes in tonsils and under mucous membrane of respiratory tract
Trigger basophils and mast cells to release histomines = allergies / asthma

76
Q

IgD

A

Found on b lymphocytes

Trigger activation and production of more lymphocytes

77
Q

Agglutination test

A

Sample of serum, urine or joint fluid containing antigen or antibody is mixed with test reagent containing particles (latex) covered with antigen or antibody
+= clumping
- = no clumping
Ex. ABO blood typing

78
Q

Precipitation test

A

Some in tube with fluid antigen and body fluid
If Ag and Ab match it will produce a cloudy precipitation band or ring (fluid and antigen layered in tube )
Also done as electrophoresis

79
Q

Flocculation test

A

+ antigen and antibodies complex will form flakes in tube

80
Q

Fluorescent antibody testing

A

Antigen and antibody complex plus a dye will create a flouresent glow under a uv microscope
Uses serial dilutions of serum
Ex ANA or syphilis

81
Q

ELISA enzyme linked immune sorbet assay

A

Used for confirmation and specific typing of HIV
Always automated
Uses an enzyme, substrate and a dye
+ antibody and antigen will change colour
- will not change colour ex. Pregnancy pee sticks

82
Q

Pregnancy testing

A

Looking for HCG hormone ( human chorionic gonadotropin)

83
Q

3 tests for pregnancy

A
  1. Chromatographic
  2. ELISA HCG
  3. Latex Agglutination HCG
84
Q

Chromatographic for pregnancy

A

Colour change
Urine sample
Qualitative
Looking for antigen

85
Q

Latex agglutination for pregnancy

A 
Urine sample 
Clumping - + 
No clumping - - 
Qualitative 
Looking for antigen
86
Q

ELISA HCG for pregnancy

A

Uses serum
Shows gestation, multiples, placental abnormalities
Quantitive
Looking for antigen

87
Q

Heterophile antibody

A

Antibodies produced when infected with Epstein Barr virus

Uses horse or sheep blood

88
Q

Latex agglutination for heterophile antibody

A

Latex coated with Epstein Barr virus (antigen)
Clumping = + for mono
Qualitative
Serum sample

89
Q

Mono spot for heterophile antibody

A

Uses serum with horse red blood cells for antigen
+ if clumping
Qualitative

90
Q

Paul-bunnell test for heterophile antibody

A

Uses serum and sheep RBC ( serially diluted )
Quantative
+ if clumping
Helps determine what stage in the course of infection the patient is in

91
Q

ASOT anti streptolysin o titre

A

Used to diagnose post streptococcal disorders
Ie. scarlet ver, rheumatic fever (heart and liver damage) and glomerlonepheritis (kidney damage)
Looking at level of antibody against toxin streptolysin o
Quantitive
Can determine if treatment is working

92
Q

Syphilis - three tests

A
  1. Fluorescent antibody
  2. VDRL
  3. ELISA
93
Q

Fluorescent antibody for syphilis

A

Looking for antigen
Swab from chancre (fluid)
Shows end stage of syphilis and presence of bacteria treponema pallidum

94
Q

VDRL for syphilis

A

Latex agglutination
Tests serum for presence of antibodies to syphilis bacteria
Qualitative

95
Q

ELISA for syphilis

A

Quantitive
Testing for antibody level
Serum sample

96
Q

Rheumatoid factor / rheumatoid antibody (RF or RA)

A 
Looking for autoimmune antibodies 
Not specific to rheumatoid arthritis 
Latex agglutination 
Serum sample 
Used as screening tests in conjunction with ANA, CRP or ESR 
Qualitative
97
Q

Rubella - German measles

A 
Tests for level of antibody in serum 
Most often used in prenatal care to determine if mom at risk for congenital defects if exposed (if she is immune)
Done with ELISA method 
Serum sample 
Qualitative
98
Q

ANA anti-nuclear antibody

A

Used to determine levels and type of autoimmune antibody present
Use serial dilutions of serum and fluorescent antibody
Quantitive
Ratio- level of antibodies and fluorescence
Pattern - type of autoimmune disorder
Diagnose and determine if treatment effective (levels will decrease)

99
Q

Three primary functions of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Return excess interstitial fluid from tissues back to blood stream
  2. Absorption of fats and fat solvable vitamins from digestive and transport to Venus circulation
  3. Defence against disease and microorganisms
100
Q

Right upper quadrant lymph drainage

A
  1. Lymph vessel drains into right lymphatic duct
  2. Right lymphatic duct drains into right subclavian vein
  3. right subclavian vein drains into superior vena cava
  4. Right atrium
101
Q

Right upper quadrant is what % of lymph

A

25%

102
Q

Left upper quadrant lymph drainage

A
  1. Lymph vessels drain into thoracic duct
  2. Thoracic duct drains into left subclavian vein
  3. Drains into superior vena cava
103
Q

Left upper quadrant is what % lymph

A

75%

104
Q

Right and left lower quad rents of lymph drainage

A
  1. Lymph vessels drain into cisterna chyli

2. From thoracic duct to Left subclavian vein and then superior vena cavity

105
Q

What does cisterna chyli control ?

A

How quickly lymph drains into thoracic

106
Q

Edema

A

Due to thoracic ducts being too full or clogged

107
Q

Where is the thymus ?

A

Retrosternal in thoracic cavity

108
Q

What is in thymus

A

Connective tissue
Macrophages for protection
T lymphocytes

109
Q

What does thymus do

A

T lymphocyte production

110
Q

When in thymus most active

A

Childhood to puberty

111
Q

What happens to thymus after puberty

A

Slows down and degrades into fat fibrous tissue

112
Q

Where are major collections of lymph nodes ?

A 
Cervical 
Axillary 
Enteric 
Inguinal 
Popliteal
113
Q

What is in a lymph node ?

A 
Afferent vessels (more)
Efferent vessels (less) 
Nodules - lymphocytes and macrophages
114
Q

What do lymph nodes do

A

Macrophages ingest foreign material
Lymphocytes destroy with antibodies or toxins
Not great at killing cancer cells
Filter lymph

115
Q

Where is the spleen located

A

Left hypochondriac region lateral to stomach

116
Q

What is spleen made of ?

A

White pulp- macrophages and lymphocytes

Red pulp- red blood cells and white blood cells

117
Q

What does spleen do ?

A

Filters blood from wastes and toxins

Destroys dead dying abnormal or foreign cells

118
Q

How many sets of tonsils ?

A
  1. Pharyngeal
  2. Palatine
  3. Lingual
119
Q

Where is pharyngeal tonsil ?

A

Posterior pharynx

Adenoids if inflamed

120
Q

Where are palatine tonsils?

A

Lateral walls of soft pallet

121
Q

Where are linguist tonsils ?

A

Posterior surface if the tongue

122
Q

What are in tonsils ?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes get in clusters under mucous membrane

123
Q

What do tonsils do?

A

Filter inhaled and ingested materials

124
Q

Where is red bone marrow ?

A

In the spaces of spongy cancellous bone

125
Q

What is in red bone marrow ?

A

All immature blood cells

126
Q

What does red bone marrow do ?

A

Hematopoiesis

Produces b lymphocytes

Immune System (1 decks)

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