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Immune System > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Exchange of substances between blood and tissue fluid occurs in:

A

capillary beds

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2
Q

Substances that cannot enter or return through the capillary walls, including excess fluid and protein molecules, are returned to the blood as:

A

lymph

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3
Q

A fluid formed in the tissue spaces that is transported by way of lymphatic vessels to eventually reenter the bloodstream carried by the cardiovascular system.

A

lymph

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4
Q

The lymphatic system includes:

A
  • Lymph
  • lymphatic vessels
  • lymph nodes
  • specialized lymphatic organs such as the thymus and spleen
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5
Q

Lymph forms in this way:

A

blood plasma filters out of the capillaries into the microscopic spaces between tissue cells because of the pressure generated by the pumping action of the heart.
(there the liquid is called interstitial fluid)

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6
Q

Much of it goes back into the blood by the same route it came out (that is, through the capillary membrane).

A

interstitial fluid

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7
Q

Permit excess tissue fluid and some other substances such as dissolved protein molecules to leave the tissue spaces.

A

lymphatic capillaries

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8
Q

Lymphatic and blood capillaries:

A

_vessels are microscopic

-both are formed from sheets that consist of a cell layer of simple squamous epithelium called endothelium .

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9
Q

The movement of lymph in the lymphatic vessels:

A

goes one way only.

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10
Q

The lymphatic vessels often have a ______ appearance because:

A
  • “beaded” appearance

- resulting from the presence of valves that assist in maintaining a one-way flow of lymph.

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11
Q

Lymphatic vessels eventually empty into one of two terminal vessels called:

A

Right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct.

which empty their lymph into the blood in large veins in the neck region.

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12
Q

Thoracic duct:

A
  • Largest lymphatic vessel.

- Lympth from 3/4 of the body drains in it.

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13
Q

The thoracic duct in the abdomen has an enlarged pouch like structure which serves as a temporary holding area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the veins. called:

A

cisterna chyli

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14
Q

Lacteals

A

Lymphatic capillaries in the wall of the small intestine that transport fats obtained from food to the bloodstream.

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15
Q

Located in clusters along the pathway of lymphatic vessels.

A

Lymph nodes

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16
Q

The structure of the lymph nodes makes it possible for them to perform two important immune functions:

A

-defense and white blood cell formation.

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17
Q

Lymph nodes are considered lymphoid organs because:

A

-they contain lymphoid tissue, which is a mass of developing lymphocytes and related cells.

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18
Q

Lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and spleen are important:

A

-structural components of the immune system because they provide immune defence and development of immune cells.

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19
Q

A process in which cells (phagocytic cells in this case) alter the contents of the filtered fluid.

A

biological filtration

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20
Q

These vessels deliver lymph to the node.

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

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21
Q

Lymph percolates” slowly through spaces called:

A

sinuses

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22
Q

Lymph exits from the node through:

A

A single efferent lymphatic vessel.

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23
Q

Small lymphoid tissue organ located in the mediastinum, extending upward in the midline of the neck.

A

Thymus

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24
Q

Plays a central and critical role in the body’s vital immunity mechanism.

A

Thymus

virtually gone by age 80+

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25
Q

Thymosins

A

-A group of hormones secreted by the thymus that influences the development of T cells.

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26
Q

Located on each side of the throat:

A

palatine tonsils

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27
Q

Known as adenoids when they become swollen, are near the posterior opening of the nasal cavity.

A

pharyngeal tonsils

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28
Q

Near the base of the tongue. The tonsils serve as the first line of defense from the exterior and as such are subject to chronic infection.

A

lingual tonsils

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29
Q

-The largest lymphoid organ in the body.

A

Spleen

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30
Q

Functions of the spleen:

A
  • removes by filtration and phagocytosis many bacteria and other foreign substances,
  • destroys worn out red blood cells.
  • salvages the iron found in hemoglobin for future use.
  • serves as a reservoir for blood that can be returned to the cardiovascular system when needed.
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31
Q

Red pulp which contains many red blood cells and White pulp which resembles lymphoid nodules are found inside the fibrous capsule of what organ?

A

Spleen

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32
Q

Two types of immunity defenses are:

A
  • Nonspecific defenses (immunity)

- Specific defenses (immunity)

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33
Q

These defenses Operate together to provide resistance to infection and disease.

A

Nonspecific and specific defenses

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34
Q

What type of immunity is maintained by mechanisms that attack any irritant or abnormal substance that threatens the internal environment. (confers general protection.)

A

Nonspecific immunity

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35
Q

Often called innate immunity

A

Nonspecific immunity

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36
Q

Membranes that are Nonspecific mechanical barriers that prevent entry into the body by bacteria and many other substances such as toxins and harmful chemicals.

A

skin and mucous membranes

37
Q

Tears and mucus contribute to what kind of immunity ?

A

nonspecific immunity

38
Q

Oils on the skin, as well as stomach acid act as what kind of barriers?

A

chemical barriers

39
Q

Phagocytosis of bacteria by white blood cells is a:

A

nonspecific form of immunity.

40
Q

Seven major categories of nonspecific defences:

A 
–	Physical barriers
–	Phagocytes 
–	Immunological surveillance
–	Interferons
–	Complement
–	Inflammatory response
–	Fever
41
Q

Attack and remove dangerous microorganisms

A

Phagocytes

42
Q

Immunological Surveillance

A

Constantly monitors normal tissues with natural killer cells (NK cells)

43
Q

Type of lymphocyte able to bind to certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without the stimulation of antigens, and kill them by the insertion of granules containing perforin.

A

NK cells

44
Q

Chemical messengers that trigger production of antiviral proteins in normal cells.

A

Interferons

45
Q

-Can be activated by antibodies (‘Complement’ action of antibodies) as well as cells of the nonspecific immune system.

A

Complement (C) Proteins

46
Q

Nonspecific Defenses

A
  • Inflammation

- Fever

47
Q

A set of nonspecific responses that often occurs in the body.

A

inflammatory response

48
Q

Includes protective mechanisms that confer very specific protection against certain types of threatening microorganisms or other toxic materials.

A

Specific immunity

49
Q

Iinvolves memory and the ability to recognize and respond to certain harmful substances or bacteria.

A

Specific immunity

50
Q

Because it is able to adapt to newly encountered “enemies,” it is often called adaptive immunity.

A

Specific immunity

51
Q

_____ are slow compared to _______immune responses.

A

specific immune responses, nonspecific

52
Q

______ immune responses have memory — the ability to produce a stronger, faster response to repeated exposure to the same antigen.

A

Specific

53
Q

Classified as either “natural” or “artificial” depending on how the body is exposed to the harmful agent.

A

Specific immunity

54
Q

May be “active” or “passive.”

A

Natural and artificial immunity

55
Q

Occurs when an individual’s own immune system responds to a harmful agent, regardless of whether that agent was naturally or artificially encountered

A

Active immunity

56
Q

Results when immunity to a disease that has developed in another individual or animal is transferred to an individual who was not previously immune.

A

Passive immunity

57
Q

Protein molecules critical to immune system functioning

A

Antibodies and complement proteins.

58
Q
  • Protein compounds that are normally present in the body.
  • Uniquely shaped concave regions, called combining sites, on its surface.
  • Combines with a specific compound called an antigen.
A

Antibodies

59
Q

Compounds whose molecules have small regions on their surfaces that are uniquely shaped to fit into the combining sites of a specific antibody molecule as precisely as a key fits into a specific lock.

A

Antigens

60
Q

Protein molecules embedded in the surface membranes of threatening or diseased cells, such as microorganisms or cancer cells.

A

Antigens

61
Q

Produce Humoral, or antibodymediated, immunity by changing the antigens in a way that prevents them from harming the body.

A

Antibodies

62
Q

If an antigen is a toxin (that is, a substance poisonous to body cells), the toxin is _____ or made _______ by becoming part of an _____________.

A
  • neutralized or made non-poisonous,

- antigenantibody complex.

63
Q

if antigens are molecules in the surface membranes of threatening cells, when antibodies combine with them, the resulting antigen-antibody complexes may _______ the enemy cells (make them stick together in clumps). Then macrophages or the other phagocytes can rapidly destroy them by ingesting and digesting large numbers of them at one time.

A

agglutinate

64
Q

Promotion and enhancement of Phagocytosis.

A

important function of antibodies

65
Q

The most important way in which antibodies act is a process called:

A

complement cascade

66
Q

When antigens that are molecules on an antigenic or foreign cell’s surface combine with antibody molecules, they change the shape of the antibody molecule slightly but just enough to expose two previously hidden regions called:

A

complement-binding sites

67
Q

Name used to describe a group of protein enzymes normally present in an inactive state in blood.

A

Complement

68
Q

Complement proteins serve roles in the immune system, such as:

A
  • attracting immune cells to a site of infection
  • activating immune cells
  • marking foreign cells for destruction, and
  • increasing permeability of blood vessels.
  • play a vital role in producing the inflammatory response.
69
Q

Two important phagocytes:

A

neutrophils and monocytes

70
Q

Act as antigenpresenting cells (APCs)

A

Macrophages

71
Q

Most numerous cells of the immune system.

A

Lymphocytes

72
Q

Two major types of Lymphocytes:

A

B and T lymphocytes but usually called B cells and T cells.

73
Q

All lymphocytes that circulate in the tissues arise from primitive cells in the bone marrow called _____and go through two stages of ______.

A

Stem cells, B cell development

74
Q

Changes a mature, inactive B cell into an activated ‘Supercharged’ B cell.

A

second stage of B cell development

75
Q

Clone:

A

-a family of many identical cells, all descended from one cell.

76
Q

Made up of two kinds of cells, plasma cells (also called effector cells) and memory cells.

A

Clones of B cells

77
Q
  • Secrete huge amounts of antibody into the blood.

- Activated B cells develop into this.

A

Plasma cells.

78
Q

B cells function indirectly to produce.

A

humoral immunity

79
Q

Humoral immunity:

A

Resistance to disease organisms produced by the actions of antibodies binding to specific antigens while circulating in body fluids.

80
Q

Lymphocytes that have undergone their first stage of development in the thymus gland:

A

T cells

81
Q

The second stage of T-cell development takes place:

A

When and if a T cell comes into contact with its specific antigen.

82
Q

Form a group of effector cells along with memory cells.

A

B cells and T cells.

83
Q

The _____ T cells actively engage in immune responses, whereas the _____ T cells do not.

A

Effector, memory

84
Q

Produce cell-mediated immunity:

A

Activated T cells

85
Q

“Helper T cells” produce their deadly effects indirectly by means of compounds that they release into the area around enemy cells.

A

Activated T cells

86
Q

When bound to antigens they release a substance that acts as a specific and lethal poison against the abnormal cell.

A

cytotoxic T cells

87
Q

Resistance to disease organisms that results from the actions of cells- chiefly, sensitized T cells.

A

cell-mediated immunity

88
Q

Release the chemicals needed to help trigger the activation of B cells.

A

Helper T cells.

Immune System (1 decks)

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