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Normal Immune System > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

List the components of blood and their percentages.

A

Plasma (55%), Buffy Coat (WBCs and platelets) < 1%, RBCs (hematocrit) 45%

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2
Q

Volume of Blood in males and females

A

Male 5-6 Liters; Females 4-5 Liters

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3
Q

3 Functions of Bloods

A

Distribution, Regulation, Protection

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4
Q

Components of Blood Plasma

A

90% water + over 100 solutes

Plasma proteins- Albumins, globulins, blood clotting proteins, other

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5
Q

pH of Human Blood

A

7.4

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6
Q

Albumin

A

Plasma components, produced by liver, exerts osmotic pressure to maintain water balance

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7
Q

Globulins (alpha, beta)

A

Transport proteins that bind to lipids, metals ions, and fat-soluble vitamins

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8
Q

Globulins (gamma)

A

Plasma protein; antibodies released primarily by plasma cell during immune response

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9
Q

Clotting Proteins

A

Plasma proteins, includes fibriogen and prothombrin produced by liver;

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10
Q

Other plasma proteins

A

metabolic enzymes, antibacterial proteins (such as complement), hormones

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11
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood corpuscles, anucleate, biconcave discs, large surface area for gas exchange

97% hemoglobin, no mitochondria

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12
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb)

A

Tetramer- two alpha and two beta
Most blood oxygen binds to this
Iron (Fe) in middle

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13
Q

How many oxygen molecules per RBC

A

1 Billion O2 molecules

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14
Q

How much CO2 is dissolved in plasma?

A

80%

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15
Q

Leukocytes go to sites of ….

A

Injury, Inflammation, or infection

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16
Q

Leukocyte Function

A

Control disease by mediating inflammation and the immune response

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17
Q

Leukocyte Movements

A 
Diapedesis (movement out of blood vessel )
Ameboid movement (locomotion outside) 
Positive chemotaxis (cytoclesis)- following a chemical trail
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18
Q

Two division of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes, Agranulocytes

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19
Q

Types of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophil, Basophil

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20
Q

Neutrophil

A

3-7 lobes in nucleus
Most numerous WBC
Elevated w/ bacterial infection
Pus= dead neutrophil

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21
Q

Eosinophil

A

2 lobes in nucleus
Help with inflammatory reaction, extracellular parasites
Exocytosis of digestive enzymes

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22
Q

Basophil

A

2 lobes in nucleus (both granule and nucleus stain blue)
Rarest leukocytes
Granule contain histamine

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23
Q

Two types of Agranular Leukocytes

A

Monocytes, lymphocytes

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24
Q

Monocytes

A

Highly phagocytic
Become macrophages in tissues (triple in size)
Always dimpled on a slide

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25
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Smallest WBCs
B cells (humoral immunity)
T cells (cellular immunity)
95% or more of cell is nucleus

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26
Q

Names of Leukocytes from Most common to least common

A 
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
(Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas)
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27
Q

Two component of immune system

A

Innate- nonspecific, internal and external

Adaptive- specific, cellular & humoral

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28
Q

Types of Innate Defenses

A 
Surface Barriers (skin mucous membrane)
Phagocytes (monocytes, neutrophils)
Natural Killer Cells
Inflammation
Antimicrobial proteins (Interferon, Complement)
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29
Q

Phagocytes mechanism

A 
Adherence
Endocytosis & formation of phagosome
Formation of phagolysosome
Killing, digestion and formation of residual body
Exocytosis of residual body
30
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Type of Lymphocyte
NOT phagocytic
Use perforins to kill

31
Q

Signs of Inflammation

A 
Redness
Heat 
Swelling 
Pain 
Loss of Function
32
Q

Things that cause inflammation

A

Histamine, prostaglandins, kinins, cytokines, complement

33
Q

Interferon (alpha and beta)

A

Promotes antiviral state in non-infected cells

34
Q

Complement

A

enhance specific and nonspecific reactions

35
Q

3 different things that can happen with complement

A

Opsonization, MAC (Membrane Attack Complex), Inflammation

36
Q

Opsonization

A

Enhance phagocytosis by coating outside surface (makes phagocytes go for these targets)

37
Q

MAC (Membrane Attack Complex)

A

Punches holes in plasma membranes of bacteria

38
Q

Adaptive Defenses

A

Antigen-specific
Systemic
Memory

39
Q

Antigen

A

ANTIbody GENerating substance (usually proteins)

40
Q

Properties of complete antigens

A

Immunogenicity- stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes
Reactivity- React with activated lymphocytes and antibodies

41
Q

Haptens

A

Incomplete antigen
Smaller nonself molecules
Non-immunogenic
Result in allergy

42
Q

Antigenic Determinants

A

Parts of an antigen

Recognized and bound by antibodies or activated lymphocytes

43
Q

MHC Peptides

A

“Self Antigens”

Coded by MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

44
Q

MHC class I

A

All cells except RBCs

Endogenous pathogens

45
Q

MHC class II

A

on Antigen Presenting Cells

Exogenous Pathogens

46
Q

Immunocompetence

A

when lymphocytes display unique antigen receptor on cell surface

47
Q

T Cells (Lymphocyte)

A

Develop in thymus

48
Q

B Cells (Lymphocyte)

A

Develop in bone marrow

49
Q

APCs

A

Antigen Presenting Cells
Engulf pathogen- display with self antigen (MHC) on cells surface for T cell reocgnition

Dendritic cells, macrophages, activate B cells

50
Q

Humoral Immune Response

A

B cell mediated
Directed against extracellular pathogens
Involved production of antibodies

51
Q

Clonal Selection (2 types)

A

Mode of activation of B cell

  1. T cell independent antigen (short term)
  2. T cell dependent antigen (development of memory)
52
Q

Active Humoral Immunity (2 types)

A

B cell reacts to antigen- memory

  1. Naturally acquired- bacterial/ viral infection
  2. Artificially acquired- vaccine
53
Q

Passive Immunity (2 types)

A

Antibodies from Non-self

  1. Naturally acquired- maternal antibodies
  2. Artificially acquired- immune sera
54
Q

Antibody Basic Structure

A

2 identical heavy chains
2 identical light chains
Each chain has a variable and constant region

55
Q

Contant region of antibody form

A

Stem, function class, effectors

56
Q

5 Antibody Classes

A

MADGE

IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE

57
Q

IgD

A

Monomer
Antigen receptor on B cell surface
Used a developmental marker

58
Q

IgM

A

Usually a pentamer (can be a monomer)

Produced during primary response- fixes complement

59
Q

IgG

A 
Always a monomer 
80% of circulating antibodies 
Found in primary and secondary responses
Fixes complement
Can cross placenta
60
Q

IgA

A

Usually a dimer (can be monomer)

Found in body secretions (sweat, saliva, breast milk)

61
Q

Antibodies that are soluble and circulate in blood stream

A

IgM, IgG, IgA

62
Q

IgE

A

Monomer
Mucous membrane, Tonsils
Binds to mast cells/ basophils- trigger histamine release

63
Q

Antibody Functions

A

Neutralization, Agglutination, Precipitation, Opsonization, Monoclonal antibodies (research, eg. pregnancy test)

64
Q

Cell-Mediated Immune Response

A

T-Cell Directed
Based on recognition of “self-nonself” complexes
Usually required for B cell activation and humoral immunity

65
Q

Help T Cells

A

TD4 Cells
Interact w/ exogenous non-self antigens
MHC class II restricted

66
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells

A 
T8 Cells, bear CD8 glycoproteins
Interact w/ endogenous non-self antigens
MHC class I restricted
67
Q

Effector Helper T Cell

A

Release lymphokines

Stimulate macrophages, activate NK cells, activate naive B cells, activate naive T8 cells

68
Q

Effector cytotoxic T cells

A

release perforins

Directly kill target cells

69
Q

Supressor T cell

A

Release lymphokines

Inhibit T and B cell activity following antigen inactivation

70
Q

Memory T cells

A

Formed during primary response

Long Lived

Normal Immune System (2 decks)

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