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Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

List the components of blood and their percentages.

A

Plasma (55%), Buffy Coat (WBCs and platelets) < 1%, RBCs (hematocrit) 45%

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2
Q

Volume of Blood in males and females

A

Male 5-6 Liters; Females 4-5 Liters

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3
Q

3 Functions of Bloods

A

Distribution, Regulation, Protection

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4
Q

Components of Blood Plasma

A

90% water + over 100 solutes

Plasma proteins- Albumins, globulins, blood clotting proteins, other

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5
Q

pH of Human Blood

A

7.4

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6
Q

Albumin

A

Plasma components, produced by liver, exerts osmotic pressure to maintain water balance

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7
Q

Globulins (alpha, beta)

A

Transport proteins that bind to lipids, metals ions, and fat-soluble vitamins

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8
Q

Globulins (gamma)

A

Plasma protein; antibodies released primarily by plasma cell during immune response

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9
Q

Clotting Proteins

A

Plasma proteins, includes fibriogen and prothombrin produced by liver;

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10
Q

Other plasma proteins

A

metabolic enzymes, antibacterial proteins (such as complement), hormones

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11
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood corpuscles, anucleate, biconcave discs, large surface area for gas exchange

97% hemoglobin, no mitochondria

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12
Q

Hemoglobin (Hb)

A

Tetramer- two alpha and two beta
Most blood oxygen binds to this
Iron (Fe) in middle

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13
Q

How many oxygen molecules per RBC

A

1 Billion O2 molecules

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14
Q

How much CO2 is dissolved in plasma?

A

80%

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15
Q

Leukocytes go to sites of ….

A

Injury, Inflammation, or infection

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16
Q

Leukocyte Function

A

Control disease by mediating inflammation and the immune response

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17
Q

Leukocyte Movements

A 
Diapedesis (movement out of blood vessel )
Ameboid movement (locomotion outside) 
Positive chemotaxis (cytoclesis)- following a chemical trail
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18
Q

Two division of leukocytes

A

Granulocytes, Agranulocytes

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19
Q

Types of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophil, Basophil

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20
Q

Neutrophil

A

3-7 lobes in nucleus
Most numerous WBC
Elevated w/ bacterial infection
Pus= dead neutrophil

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21
Q

Eosinophil

A

2 lobes in nucleus
Help with inflammatory reaction, extracellular parasites
Exocytosis of digestive enzymes

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22
Q

Basophil

A

2 lobes in nucleus (both granule and nucleus stain blue)
Rarest leukocytes
Granule contain histamine

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23
Q

Two types of Agranular Leukocytes

A

Monocytes, lymphocytes

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24
Q

Monocytes

A

Highly phagocytic
Become macrophages in tissues (triple in size)
Always dimpled on a slide

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25
Lymphocytes
Smallest WBCs B cells (humoral immunity) T cells (cellular immunity) 95% or more of cell is nucleus
26
Names of Leukocytes from Most common to least common
``` Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils (Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas) ```
27
Two component of immune system
Innate- nonspecific, internal and external | Adaptive- specific, cellular & humoral
28
Types of Innate Defenses
``` Surface Barriers (skin mucous membrane) Phagocytes (monocytes, neutrophils) Natural Killer Cells Inflammation Antimicrobial proteins (Interferon, Complement) ```
29
Phagocytes mechanism
``` Adherence Endocytosis & formation of phagosome Formation of phagolysosome Killing, digestion and formation of residual body Exocytosis of residual body ```
30
Natural Killer Cells
Type of Lymphocyte NOT phagocytic Use perforins to kill
31
Signs of Inflammation
``` Redness Heat Swelling Pain Loss of Function ```
32
Things that cause inflammation
Histamine, prostaglandins, kinins, cytokines, complement
33
Interferon (alpha and beta)
Promotes antiviral state in non-infected cells
34
Complement
enhance specific and nonspecific reactions
35
3 different things that can happen with complement
Opsonization, MAC (Membrane Attack Complex), Inflammation
36
Opsonization
Enhance phagocytosis by coating outside surface (makes phagocytes go for these targets)
37
MAC (Membrane Attack Complex)
Punches holes in plasma membranes of bacteria
38
Adaptive Defenses
Antigen-specific Systemic Memory
39
Antigen
ANTIbody GENerating substance (usually proteins)
40
Properties of complete antigens
Immunogenicity- stimulate proliferation of specific lymphocytes Reactivity- React with activated lymphocytes and antibodies
41
Haptens
Incomplete antigen Smaller nonself molecules Non-immunogenic Result in allergy
42
Antigenic Determinants
Parts of an antigen | Recognized and bound by antibodies or activated lymphocytes
43
MHC Peptides
"Self Antigens" | Coded by MHC (major histocompatibility complex)
44
MHC class I
All cells except RBCs | Endogenous pathogens
45
MHC class II
on Antigen Presenting Cells | Exogenous Pathogens
46
Immunocompetence
when lymphocytes display unique antigen receptor on cell surface
47
T Cells (Lymphocyte)
Develop in thymus
48
B Cells (Lymphocyte)
Develop in bone marrow
49
APCs
Antigen Presenting Cells Engulf pathogen- display with self antigen (MHC) on cells surface for T cell reocgnition Dendritic cells, macrophages, activate B cells
50
Humoral Immune Response
B cell mediated Directed against extracellular pathogens Involved production of antibodies
51
Clonal Selection (2 types)
Mode of activation of B cell 1. T cell independent antigen (short term) 2. T cell dependent antigen (development of memory)
52
Active Humoral Immunity (2 types)
B cell reacts to antigen- memory 1. Naturally acquired- bacterial/ viral infection 2. Artificially acquired- vaccine
53
Passive Immunity (2 types)
Antibodies from Non-self 1. Naturally acquired- maternal antibodies 2. Artificially acquired- immune sera
54
Antibody Basic Structure
2 identical heavy chains 2 identical light chains Each chain has a variable and constant region
55
Contant region of antibody form
Stem, function class, effectors
56
5 Antibody Classes
MADGE | IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
57
IgD
Monomer Antigen receptor on B cell surface Used a developmental marker
58
IgM
Usually a pentamer (can be a monomer) | Produced during primary response- fixes complement
59
IgG
``` Always a monomer 80% of circulating antibodies Found in primary and secondary responses Fixes complement Can cross placenta ```
60
IgA
Usually a dimer (can be monomer) | Found in body secretions (sweat, saliva, breast milk)
61
Antibodies that are soluble and circulate in blood stream
IgM, IgG, IgA
62
IgE
Monomer Mucous membrane, Tonsils Binds to mast cells/ basophils- trigger histamine release
63
Antibody Functions
Neutralization, Agglutination, Precipitation, Opsonization, Monoclonal antibodies (research, eg. pregnancy test)
64
Cell-Mediated Immune Response
T-Cell Directed Based on recognition of "self-nonself" complexes Usually required for B cell activation and humoral immunity
65
Help T Cells
TD4 Cells Interact w/ exogenous non-self antigens MHC class II restricted
66
Cytotoxic T Cells
``` T8 Cells, bear CD8 glycoproteins Interact w/ endogenous non-self antigens MHC class I restricted ```
67
Effector Helper T Cell
Release lymphokines | Stimulate macrophages, activate NK cells, activate naive B cells, activate naive T8 cells
68
Effector cytotoxic T cells
release perforins | Directly kill target cells
69
Supressor T cell
Release lymphokines | Inhibit T and B cell activity following antigen inactivation
70
Memory T cells
Formed during primary response | Long Lived

Normal Immune System (2 decks)

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