Immune system Flashcards
What are the 2 branches of the Immune system?
Innate (non specific)
Adaptive (specific)
Physical Barriers
Trapped by skin cells/mucus
Killed by antibodies in tears, saliva and mucus
Removed by shedding skin, coughing, throwing up, urine.
Types of innate cells in Cell mediated immunity ? Function and Composition?
Monocytes (3-9%) - a type of phagocyte for dead cells.
Neutrophils (60%) - Rapid responder to infection/stress that enters tissue, englufs it via phagocytosis
Natural killer cells (1-6%) - destroy infectious and cancerous cells, via proteins such as cytokines.
Describe innnate immunity - Humoral ?
Competent proteins made in the liver bind to antibodies on dead cells/bacteria, forming complexes to recruit phagocytes leading to phagocytosis
Role of dendritic cells?
Antigen presenting cells presenting to cells of the immune system in lymph nodes
Describe T-Cells?
Developed in the thymus
They release cytokines which kills virus and infected cells.
They are balanced by regulatory T cells.
Describe B-cells?
A type of lymphocyte produced in the bone marrow
B cells differentiate into plasma cells to produce antibodies, and can also form memory cells.
Types of immunity across the spectrum of health?(5)
Ventilator dependent
Chronic diseases
Older adults
General population
Elite athletes
How is self reported illness immune function measured?
Upper respiratory tract infections - number and severity
How is cellular level immune function measured?
Concentration of immune cells (T/B)
Activation and suppression markers of specific cell
Measure Immune cell function eg movement
How is the release of molecules reflecting immune response measured?
Antibodies with anti-microbial properties
Enzymes with a role in phagocytosis
Mechanisms driving immune cell mobilisation
Exercise increases shear stress, sympathetic drive and vasoconstriction + adrenaline concentrations, which demarginate immune cells into peripheral
Effects of exercise on immune system?
It is thought it impairs immune system activity as it requires a lot of energy which would be more focused on the muscles during/after exercise
Name and describe Physical barriers of the Innate Immune System?
Skin - prevents pathogens entering
Mucus membrane - line respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, prevent pathogens
Name and describe Cellular components of the Innate Immune System?
Phagocytes:
Macrophages - engulf and digest pathogens
Neutrophils - rapid response and engulf pathogens
Dendritic cells - Capture and present antigens to activate adaptive system.
Natural Killer cells - destroy infected/tumour cells
Name and describe Chemical components of the Innate Immune System?
Complement System - Consists of a group of proteins that enhance phagocytosis, trigger inflammation, and lyse pathogens.
Cytokines - Signaling molecules that regulate immune responses and inflammation.
Acute Phase Proteins - Produced in response to infection or inflammation, contributing to the innate immune response.
Interferons - Proteins that inhibit viral replication and modulate immune responses.
Name and describe Chemical components of the Adaptive Immune System?
Antibodies -Immunoglobulins produced by B cells in response to specific antigens, which bind to and neutralize pathogens, activate complement, and facilitate phagocytosis.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules - Present antigens to T cells, enabling T cell recognition and activation.
Cytokines - Secreted by various immune cells to regulate immune responses and coordinate communication between different cell types.
Name and describe Cellular components of the Adaptive Immune System?
Lymphocytes:
T Cells - Differentiate into helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells, which coordinate immune responses and directly kill infected or abnormal cells.
B Cells - Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) that recognize and neutralize pathogens or foreign substances.
Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs) - Include dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, which capture and present antigens to T cells to initiate adaptive immune responses.
Name and describe Physical barriers of the Adaptive Immune System?
Lymphoid Organs - Includes the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), where immune responses are initiated and coordinated.
How exercise induces physiological changes to cells of the immune system? (5)
Exercise can modulate cell activation such as T/B/NK cells, enhancing and increasing activation, as well as surveillance
Reduced inflammation
Improve vaccine response
Improve circulation of immune cells
Release stress hormone, cortisol and adrenaline
