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Histology > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the immune system comprise of?

A

structures and cells distributed throughout the body

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2
Q

what is the function of structures and cells of the immune system?

A
  • to protect the body from invasion and damage by microorganisms and foreign substances
  • coordinated the destruction or inactivation of foreign substances, parts of microorganisms and even cancer cells
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3
Q

what are autoimmune diseases?

A

result when the immune system attacks normal body tissues

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4
Q

what are permanent structures in the immune system?

A

lymph nodes, spleen

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5
Q

what are the free cells in the immune system?

A

lymphocytes, granulocytes, cells of mononuclear phagocyte system (in blood, lymph, connective tissue) and antigen-presenting cells

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6
Q

what are the major lymphoid organs?

A

thymus, spleen and lymph nodes

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7
Q

what are lymphoid nodules?

A

smaller collections of lymphoid tissue that forms nodular aggregates

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8
Q

where are lymphoid nodules found?

A

mucosa of digestive system (tonsils, peyer’s patches and appendix), respiratory system, reproductive system, urinary system

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9
Q

what is MALT?

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue, consists of lymphoid nodules, initiates immune response to specific antigens

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10
Q

where do lymphocytes originate from?

A

bone marrow

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11
Q

what are the primary/central lymphoid organs?

A

bone marrow and thymus

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12
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen, lymph nodes, solitary nodules, tonsils, appendix, and peyer’s patch

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13
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

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14
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

bone marrow (leave bone marrow as mature cells)

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15
Q

innate reaction

A

fast, nonspecific response, does not depend on previous contact with pathogen

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16
Q

what cells are involved for innate reactions?

A

phagocytes (macrophage and neutrophils), and natural killer cells

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17
Q

what does phagocytes recognize on pathogen molecules?

A

microbial DNA, lipids, polysaccharides and proteins

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18
Q

adaptive reaction

A

more efficient, highly specific, and has memory

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19
Q

which immune reaction is faster, innate or adaptive?

A

innate; adaptive reaction requires formation of antibodies

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20
Q

does memory affect speed of immune reaction?

A

yes, memory allows second attack by the same pathogen to be handled faster

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21
Q

cellular immunity

A

immune cells react against and kill microorganisms, foreign cells, and virus infected cells (T-cell mediated)

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22
Q

humoral immunity

A

involves circulating glycoproteins (antibodies) that inactivate or destroy foreign substances (B-cell mediated)

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23
Q

antigen

A

molecule that is able to provoke an immune response

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24
Q

antigenic determinant (epitope)

A

specific region of an antigenic molecule that binds to an antibody or T cell receptor

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25
Q

what are the five different classes of antibodies in mammals?

A

A, D, E, G, M

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26
Q

what is the function of antibodies?

A

bind specifically to an epitope and signal other components of immune system to attack invading microorganisms

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27
Q

what is a antibody comprised of?

A

two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains

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28
Q

how many antigenic determinants are needed to form 3D lattice?

A

three or more

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29
Q

what region of the antibody molecule improves the efficiency of antigen binding and cross-linking?

A

hinge region

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30
Q

what is the most abundant class of antibody?

A

IgG (75% of serum antibody)

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31
Q

which immunoglobulin is the only one able to cross the placental barrier?

A

lgG

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32
Q

what is the function of IgG antibody?

A

activates phagocytosis, neutralizes antigens, protects newborns from infection

33
Q

is IgG monomeric or dimeric?

A

monomeric ( 2 identical heavy chains, 2 identical light chains)

34
Q

where is IgA found?

A

tears, colostrum, saliva, nasal, bronchial, intestinal, prostatic secretions, vaginal fluid

35
Q

is IgA monomeric or dimeric?

A

dimeric (connected with J chain)

36
Q

secretory component of antibody

A

polypeptide chain that protects antibody from protease digestion

37
Q

what is the function of IgA antibody?

A

protection agaisnt the proliferaiton of microorganism in body secretions

38
Q

what synthesizes the secretory component of antigens?

A

mucosal epithelial cells

39
Q

what percentage of IgA is found in serum?

A

10-15%

40
Q

what percentage of IgM is in blood?

A

10%

41
Q

what is the function of IgM?

A

major class of immunoglobulins secreted in blood during early stages of primary antibody response

42
Q

is IgM membrane bound or secreted?

A

both; membrane bound is monomer, secreted form is a pentamer

43
Q

what is the function of IgE?

A

allergic reactions (anaphylaxis); triggers release of histamine and heparin

44
Q

is IgE a monomer or dimeric?

A

monomer

45
Q

what percentage of IgD is there in the serum?

A

0.2%

46
Q

how do antibodies help eliminate microorganisms or foreign substances?

A

agglutinate cells and precipitate soluble antigens

47
Q

antibody mediated complement activation

A

antigens bind to IgG/IgM activating complement system, lysing the microorganisms, also stimulates phagocytosis

48
Q

how many proteins make up the complement system?

A

20; made in the liver

49
Q

is the complement system always active or is it activated?

A

activated when it is triggered by an infection

50
Q

what region of antibodies does neutrophils and macrophages have receptors for?

A

Fc region

51
Q

opsinization

A

mechanism whereby the binding of antibodies to microorganisms stimulates their phagocytosis

52
Q

agglutination

A

antibodies bind to antigens, forming aggregates and reducing the amount of free antigens

53
Q

neutralization

A

whereby the binding of antibody to microorganisms block their adhesions to cells and inactivates toxins

54
Q

cytotoxicity mediated by cells

A

antibodies adhering to the surface of worms activating macrophages and eosinophils and inducing them to liberate chemical agents to attack the surface of the animal

55
Q

complement activation

A

binding of antibodies of the initial protein of the complement system triggers the complement cascade, causing cell lysis

56
Q

how are B and T lymphocytes distinguished by?

A

site of differentiation, presence of receptors in their membrane
B lymphocytes: immunoglobulines
T lymphocytes: T-cell receptors

57
Q

do natural killer cells have T and B cell receptors?

A

no, they attack virus infected and cancer cells

58
Q

what percentage of circulating lymphocytes are B cells?

A

20-30%

59
Q

where are B cells carried to proliferate when activate and differentiate into plasma cells?

A

secondary lymphoid organs

60
Q

do all B cells become plasma cells?

A

no, some are generated into B memory cells

61
Q

what percentage of circulating lymphocytes are T cells?

A

60-80%

62
Q

helper T cells

A

stimulate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells

63
Q

cytotoxic T cells

A

kills foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and some tumor cells
1. release of perforin to create holes: lysis of cell
2. release of proteases: induce apoptosis

64
Q

T memory cells

A

react rapidly to reintroduce antigens and stimulate production of cytotoxic T cells

65
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

suppress activity of B and T cells to switch off immune response

66
Q

distribution of T cells and B cells in thymus

A

100% T cells, 0% B cells

67
Q

what cells are antigen presenting cells?

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

68
Q

what cells are antigen presenting cells?

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells

69
Q

distribution of

A
70
Q

distribution of T cells and B cells in bone marrow

A

10% T cells 90% B cells

71
Q

distribution of T cells and B cells in spleen

A

45% T cells 55% B cells

72
Q

distribution of T cells and B cells in lymph nodes

A

60% T cells 40% B cells

73
Q

distribution of T cells and B cells in blood

A

70% T cells 30% B cells

74
Q

what is the function of antigen presenting cells?

A

dedicated cells that present processed foreign antigens to T cells

75
Q

antigen processing

A

mechanism that foreign peptides reduced to smaller peptides, peptides then attached to MHC molecules

76
Q

why are MHC molecules important?

A

T cells can only recognize peptide’s associated with MHC

77
Q

do B cells need MHC molecules to act?

A

No, they can directly recognize and react to proteins, peptides, lipids, and polysaccharides

78
Q

what are MHC I molecules?

A

glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells and platelets

presented to cytotoxic T cells

directly kills the antigen presenting cell

79
Q

what are MHC II molecules?

A

expressed only on surface of antigen presenting cells

presents peptides to helper T cells

releases interleukins, stimulating B cell proliferation into plasma cells

Histology (9 decks)

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