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Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the immune system comprise of?

A

structures and cells distributed throughout the body

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2
Q

what is the function of structures and cells of the immune system?

A
  • to protect the body from invasion and damage by microorganisms and foreign substances
  • coordinated the destruction or inactivation of foreign substances, parts of microorganisms and even cancer cells
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3
Q

what are autoimmune diseases?

A

result when the immune system attacks normal body tissues

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4
Q

what are permanent structures in the immune system?

A

lymph nodes, spleen

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5
Q

what are the free cells in the immune system?

A

lymphocytes, granulocytes, cells of mononuclear phagocyte system (in blood, lymph, connective tissue) and antigen-presenting cells

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6
Q

what are the major lymphoid organs?

A

thymus, spleen and lymph nodes

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7
Q

what are lymphoid nodules?

A

smaller collections of lymphoid tissue that forms nodular aggregates

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8
Q

where are lymphoid nodules found?

A

mucosa of digestive system (tonsils, peyer’s patches and appendix), respiratory system, reproductive system, urinary system

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9
Q

what is MALT?

A

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue, consists of lymphoid nodules, initiates immune response to specific antigens

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10
Q

where do lymphocytes originate from?

A

bone marrow

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11
Q

what are the primary/central lymphoid organs?

A

bone marrow and thymus

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12
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen, lymph nodes, solitary nodules, tonsils, appendix, and peyer’s patch

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13
Q

where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

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14
Q

where do B cells mature?

A

bone marrow (leave bone marrow as mature cells)

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15
Q

innate reaction

A

fast, nonspecific response, does not depend on previous contact with pathogen

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16
Q

what cells are involved for innate reactions?

A

phagocytes (macrophage and neutrophils), and natural killer cells

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17
Q

what does phagocytes recognize on pathogen molecules?

A

microbial DNA, lipids, polysaccharides and proteins

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18
Q

adaptive reaction

A

more efficient, highly specific, and has memory

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19
Q

which immune reaction is faster, innate or adaptive?

A

innate; adaptive reaction requires formation of antibodies

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20
Q

does memory affect speed of immune reaction?

A

yes, memory allows second attack by the same pathogen to be handled faster

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21
Q

cellular immunity

A

immune cells react against and kill microorganisms, foreign cells, and virus infected cells (T-cell mediated)

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22
Q

humoral immunity

A

involves circulating glycoproteins (antibodies) that inactivate or destroy foreign substances (B-cell mediated)

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23
Q

antigen

A

molecule that is able to provoke an immune response

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24
Q

antigenic determinant (epitope)

A

specific region of an antigenic molecule that binds to an antibody or T cell receptor

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25
what are the five different classes of antibodies in mammals?
A, D, E, G, M
26
what is the function of antibodies?
bind specifically to an epitope and signal other components of immune system to attack invading microorganisms
27
what is a antibody comprised of?
two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains
28
how many antigenic determinants are needed to form 3D lattice?
three or more
29
what region of the antibody molecule improves the efficiency of antigen binding and cross-linking?
hinge region
30
what is the most abundant class of antibody?
IgG (75% of serum antibody)
31
which immunoglobulin is the only one able to cross the placental barrier?
lgG
32
what is the function of IgG antibody?
activates phagocytosis, neutralizes antigens, protects newborns from infection
33
is IgG monomeric or dimeric?
monomeric ( 2 identical heavy chains, 2 identical light chains)
34
where is IgA found?
tears, colostrum, saliva, nasal, bronchial, intestinal, prostatic secretions, vaginal fluid
35
is IgA monomeric or dimeric?
dimeric (connected with J chain)
36
secretory component of antibody
polypeptide chain that protects antibody from protease digestion
37
what is the function of IgA antibody?
protection agaisnt the proliferaiton of microorganism in body secretions
38
what synthesizes the secretory component of antigens?
mucosal epithelial cells
39
what percentage of IgA is found in serum?
10-15%
40
what percentage of IgM is in blood?
10%
41
what is the function of IgM?
major class of immunoglobulins secreted in blood during early stages of primary antibody response
42
is IgM membrane bound or secreted?
both; membrane bound is monomer, secreted form is a pentamer
43
what is the function of IgE?
allergic reactions (anaphylaxis); triggers release of histamine and heparin
44
is IgE a monomer or dimeric?
monomer
45
what percentage of IgD is there in the serum?
0.2%
46
how do antibodies help eliminate microorganisms or foreign substances?
agglutinate cells and precipitate soluble antigens
47
antibody mediated complement activation
antigens bind to IgG/IgM activating complement system, lysing the microorganisms, also stimulates phagocytosis
48
how many proteins make up the complement system?
20; made in the liver
49
is the complement system always active or is it activated?
activated when it is triggered by an infection
50
what region of antibodies does neutrophils and macrophages have receptors for?
Fc region
51
opsinization
mechanism whereby the binding of antibodies to microorganisms stimulates their phagocytosis
52
agglutination
antibodies bind to antigens, forming aggregates and reducing the amount of free antigens
53
neutralization
whereby the binding of antibody to microorganisms block their adhesions to cells and inactivates toxins
54
cytotoxicity mediated by cells
antibodies adhering to the surface of worms activating macrophages and eosinophils and inducing them to liberate chemical agents to attack the surface of the animal
55
complement activation
binding of antibodies of the initial protein of the complement system triggers the complement cascade, causing cell lysis
56
how are B and T lymphocytes distinguished by?
site of differentiation, presence of receptors in their membrane B lymphocytes: immunoglobulines T lymphocytes: T-cell receptors
57
do natural killer cells have T and B cell receptors?
no, they attack virus infected and cancer cells
58
what percentage of circulating lymphocytes are B cells?
20-30%
59
where are B cells carried to proliferate when activate and differentiate into plasma cells?
secondary lymphoid organs
60
do all B cells become plasma cells?
no, some are generated into B memory cells
61
what percentage of circulating lymphocytes are T cells?
60-80%
62
helper T cells
stimulate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells
63
cytotoxic T cells
kills foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and some tumor cells 1. release of perforin to create holes: lysis of cell 2. release of proteases: induce apoptosis
64
T memory cells
react rapidly to reintroduce antigens and stimulate production of cytotoxic T cells
65
Suppressor T cells
suppress activity of B and T cells to switch off immune response
66
distribution of T cells and B cells in thymus
100% T cells, 0% B cells
67
what cells are antigen presenting cells?
macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
68
what cells are antigen presenting cells?
macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells
69
distribution of
70
distribution of T cells and B cells in bone marrow
10% T cells 90% B cells
71
distribution of T cells and B cells in spleen
45% T cells 55% B cells
72
distribution of T cells and B cells in lymph nodes
60% T cells 40% B cells
73
distribution of T cells and B cells in blood
70% T cells 30% B cells
74
what is the function of antigen presenting cells?
dedicated cells that present processed foreign antigens to T cells
75
antigen processing
mechanism that foreign peptides reduced to smaller peptides, peptides then attached to MHC molecules
76
why are MHC molecules important?
T cells can only recognize peptide's associated with MHC
77
do B cells need MHC molecules to act?
No, they can directly recognize and react to proteins, peptides, lipids, and polysaccharides
78
what are MHC I molecules?
glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells and platelets presented to cytotoxic T cells directly kills the antigen presenting cell
79
what are MHC II molecules?
expressed only on surface of antigen presenting cells presents peptides to helper T cells releases interleukins, stimulating B cell proliferation into plasma cells

Histology (9 decks)

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