Immune System

Question 1

Total WBC Count

Answer 1

4,300-10,800 mm3

Question 2

Hgb Male

Answer 2

13.5-18

Question 3

Hgb Female

Answer 3

12-16

Question 4

Hct Male

Answer 4

40-54%

Question 5

Hct Female

Answer 5

38-47%

Question 6

Sodium

Answer 6

135-145

Question 7

Potassium

Answer 7

3.5-5.0

Question 8

Chloride

Answer 8

98-106

Question 9

Serum CO2

Answer 9

22-26

Question 10

BUN

Answer 10

5-25

Question 11

Serum Creatinine

Answer 11

0.5-1.5

Question 12

Granulocytes
(WBC)

Answer 12

Phagocytic cells w/ cytoplasmic granules and multilobar nuclei

Question 13

Lymphocytes
(WBC)

Answer 13

Orchestrate the immune response and produce antibodies

Question 14

Monocytes
(WBC)

Answer 14

Distinctive U shaped nuclei that are renamed macrophages when they enter the tissues

Question 15

Neutrophils
(Granulocytes)

Answer 15

 immature stage known as BANDS mature neutrophils are known as SEGS

Question 16

Eosinophils
(Granulocytes)

Answer 16

Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Question 17

Basophils
(Granulocytes)

Answer 17

Similar to mast cells in that both release histamine and other chemical mediators in an allergic reaction

Question 18

Prostaglandins
(Chemical mediators of inflammation)

Answer 18

Are produced from arachidonic acid in the cell membranes. They promote increase blood flow and capillary permeability. Also potentiate the effects of histamine, cause fever, and stimulate pain receptors. 

Question 19

Leukotrienes
(Chemical mediators of inflammation)

Answer 19

Increase vascular permeability and affect WBC adhesion to sites of injury. SRS-A is a leukotriene involved in allergic reactions such as asthma, causing bronchial constriction. 

Question 20

Chemical mediators of inflammation

Answer 20

Chemotaxic factors released from neutrophils and eosinophils draw more wbc’s

Question 21

Histamine
(chemical mediators of inflammation)

Answer 21

Is the major player in the inflammatory response and is released by basophils, mast cells, and platelets. It causes increased blood flow, capillary permeability, itching, and constriction of bronchiolar or smooth muscle.

Question 22

Cytokines
(chemical mediators of inflammation)

Answer 22

(Ex some interleukins and TNF) promote the inflammatory responses of fever and malaise. Cause an increase in WBC counts, stimulates bone marrow to produce more red and white blood cells during infection. other cytokines decrease the activation of B cells.

Question 23

Interferons
(chemical mediators of inflammation)

Answer 23

Are cytokines released from T cells that function to alert neighboring cells to secrete self preserving chemicals. Researchers have used them clinically to stimulate the immune system for patients with cancer. 

Question 24

Chemokines
(chemical mediators of inflammation)

Answer 24

Provide WBCs with an adhesive quality to enable them to remain at the site of an injury.

Question 25

The Complement System

Answer 25

Amplifies the immune response. Classic pathway Lectin binding pathway Alternate pathway

Question 26

Immunocompetent cells

Answer 26

-lymphocytes account for approximately 25% of all leukocytes -lymphocyte activation occurs from antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and chemical mediators or cytokines

Question 27

Helper T cells

Answer 27

Release lymphokines that: -regulate antibody production by B cells -activate other T cells -activate macrophages -activate natural killer cells aka T4 cells

Question 28

Suppressor T cells

Answer 28

-prevent or modify functions of T cells and B cells -may suppress immune reaction when no longer needed

Question 29

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 29

kill virus infected cells, tumor cells, and foreign graft cells

Question 30

Delayed T cells

Answer 30

-cause delayed hypersensitivity -induce inflammatory response

Question 31

Memory T cells

Answer 31

induce secondary immune response

Question 32

Lymphoid Organs

Answer 32

Thymus: generates T cell lymphocytes Lymph Nodes: remove foreign material from lymph before entering the bloodstream and are proliferation sites for immune cells Spleen: filters antigens from the blood and stores B and T lymphocytes

Question 33

Antigen Processing

Answer 33

1. Antigens are molecules that can stimulate the immune response 2. When macrophages engulf bacteria, proteins (antigens) from the bacteria are broken down into short peptide chains 3. These peptides are then "displayed" on the macrophage surface attached to special molecules called MHC II (major histocompatibility complex class II) 4. Bacterial peptides are similarly processed and displayed on MHC II molecules on the surface of B lymphocytes

Question 34

APC

Answer 34

antigen presenting cell

Question 35

MHC I Molecules

Answer 35

found on almost all cells except the RBC. Communicate to cytotoxic T cells that a cell must be destroyed to preserve the host.

Question 36

MHC II Molecules

Answer 36

found on macrophages and B cells. Are the primary APCs and help degrade pathogens into cytoplasmic vesicles.

Question 37

Clusters of Differentiation (CD)

Answer 37

define functionally distinct T cell subsets

Question 38

T4 cells

Answer 38

are helper cells that enhance the B & T immune response

Question 39

Helper T Cell Stimulating B Cell

Answer 39

When a T lymphocyte "sees" the same peptide on the macrophage and on the B cell, the T cell stimulates the B cell to turn on antibody production

Question 40

Innate Immunity

Answer 40

-1st line of defense -aka natural or native immunity -blocks the entry of foreign substances -if antigens do gain entry, the inflammatory response results

Question 41

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 41

-2nd line of defense -aka acquired or specific immunity -develops over time and in response to antigen exposure -memory capabilities

Question 42

Cell Mediated Immunity

Answer 42

-adaptive immunity -T cell mediation -protects from: chronic bacterial infections viral respiratory infections fungal & parasitic infections tissue transplants some cancer cells

Question 43

Humoral Immunity

Answer 43

-adaptive immunity -B cell mediation -protects from: acute bacterial infections viruses that enter thru the bloodstream or mucosal tissues bacterial exotoxins

Question 44

Primary Immunity

Question 45

Secondary Immunity

Question 46

Inflammation, Tissue Repair, & Fever

Answer 46

1. Injury 2. Vascular Response 3. Fluid Exudation 4. Cellular Exudation 5. Healing

Question 47

Abscess Formation

Answer 47

1. bacterial invasion and development of inflammation 2. continued bacterial growth, neutrophil migration, liquefaction tissue necrosis and development of purulent exudate 3. walling off the inflamed area w/ its purulent exudate to form an abscess

Question 48

Inflammation, Tissue Repair, and Fever Steps 1-7

Answer 48

1. Bacteria and other pathogens enter wound. 2. Platelets from blood release blood-clotting proteins at wound site. 3. Mast cells secrete factors that mediate vasodilation and vascular constriction. Delivery of blood, plasma, and cells to injured area increases. 4. Neutrophils secrete factors that kill and degrade pathogens. 5. Neutrophils and macrophages remove pathogens by phagocytosis. 6. Macrophages secrete hormones called cytokines that attract immune system cells to the site and activate cells involved in tissue repair. 7. Inflammatory response continues until the foreign material is eliminated and the wound is repaired.