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Exam 11 Med Surg > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Total WBC Count

A

4,300-10,800 mm3

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2
Q

Hgb Male

A

13.5-18

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3
Q

Hgb Female

A

12-16

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4
Q

Hct Male

A

40-54%

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5
Q

Hct Female

A

38-47%

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6
Q

Sodium

A

135-145

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7
Q

Potassium

A

3.5-5.0

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8
Q

Chloride

A

98-106

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9
Q

Serum CO2

A

22-26

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10
Q

BUN

A

5-25

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11
Q

Serum Creatinine

A

0.5-1.5

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12
Q

Granulocytes
(WBC)

A

Phagocytic cells w/ cytoplasmic granules and multilobar nuclei

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13
Q

Lymphocytes
(WBC)

A

Orchestrate the immune response and produce antibodies

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14
Q

Monocytes
(WBC)

A

Distinctive U shaped nuclei that are renamed macrophages when they enter the tissues

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15
Q

Neutrophils
(Granulocytes)

A

 immature stage known as BANDS mature neutrophils are known as SEGS

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16
Q

Eosinophils
(Granulocytes)

A

Involved in allergic reactions and parasitic infections

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17
Q

Basophils
(Granulocytes)

A

Similar to mast cells in that both release histamine and other chemical mediators in an allergic reaction

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18
Q

Prostaglandins
(Chemical mediators of inflammation)

A

Are produced from arachidonic acid in the cell membranes. They promote increase blood flow and capillary permeability. Also potentiate the effects of histamine, cause fever, and stimulate pain receptors. 

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19
Q

Leukotrienes
(Chemical mediators of inflammation)

A

Increase vascular permeability and affect WBC adhesion to sites of injury. SRS-A is a leukotriene involved in allergic reactions such as asthma, causing bronchial constriction. 

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20
Q

Chemical mediators of inflammation

A

Chemotaxic factors released from neutrophils and eosinophils draw more wbc’s

21
Q

Histamine
(chemical mediators of inflammation)

A

Is the major player in the inflammatory response and is released by basophils, mast cells, and platelets. It causes increased blood flow, capillary permeability, itching, and constriction of bronchiolar or smooth muscle.

22
Q

Cytokines
(chemical mediators of inflammation)

A

(Ex some interleukins and TNF) promote the inflammatory responses of fever and malaise. Cause an increase in WBC counts, stimulates bone marrow to produce more red and white blood cells during infection. other cytokines decrease the activation of B cells.

23
Q

Interferons
(chemical mediators of inflammation)

A

Are cytokines released from T cells that function to alert neighboring cells to secrete self preserving chemicals. Researchers have used them clinically to stimulate the immune system for patients with cancer. 

24
Q

Chemokines
(chemical mediators of inflammation)

A

Provide WBCs with an adhesive quality to enable them to remain at the site of an injury.

25
Q

The Complement System

A

Amplifies the immune response.

Classic pathway
Lectin binding pathway
Alternate pathway

26
Q

Immunocompetent cells

A

-lymphocytes account for approximately 25% of all leukocytes

-lymphocyte activation occurs from antigen presenting cells such as macrophages and chemical mediators or cytokines

27
Q

Helper T cells

A

Release lymphokines that:
-regulate antibody production by B cells
-activate other T cells
-activate macrophages
-activate natural killer cells

aka T4 cells

28
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

-prevent or modify functions of T cells and B cells
-may suppress immune reaction when no longer needed

29
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

kill virus infected cells, tumor cells, and foreign graft cells

30
Q

Delayed T cells

A

-cause delayed hypersensitivity
-induce inflammatory response

31
Q

Memory T cells

A

induce secondary immune response

32
Q

Lymphoid Organs

A

Thymus: generates T cell lymphocytes

Lymph Nodes: remove foreign material from lymph before entering the bloodstream and are proliferation sites for immune cells

Spleen: filters antigens from the blood and stores B and T lymphocytes

33
Q

Antigen Processing

A
  1. Antigens are molecules that can stimulate the immune response
  2. When macrophages engulf bacteria, proteins (antigens) from the bacteria are broken down into short peptide chains
  3. These peptides are then “displayed” on the macrophage surface attached to special molecules called MHC II (major histocompatibility complex class II)
  4. Bacterial peptides are similarly processed and displayed on MHC II molecules on the surface of B lymphocytes
34
Q

APC

A

antigen presenting cell

35
Q

MHC I Molecules

A

found on almost all cells except the RBC. Communicate to cytotoxic T cells that a cell must be destroyed to preserve the host.

36
Q

MHC II Molecules

A

found on macrophages and B cells. Are the primary APCs and help degrade pathogens into cytoplasmic vesicles.

37
Q

Clusters of Differentiation (CD)

A

define functionally distinct T cell subsets

38
Q

T4 cells

A

are helper cells that enhance the B & T immune response

39
Q

Helper T Cell Stimulating B Cell

A

When a T lymphocyte “sees” the same peptide on the macrophage and on the B cell, the T cell stimulates the B cell to turn on antibody production

40
Q

Innate Immunity

A

-1st line of defense

-aka natural or native immunity

-blocks the entry of foreign substances

-if antigens do gain entry, the inflammatory response results

41
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

-2nd line of defense

-aka acquired or specific immunity

-develops over time and in response to antigen exposure

-memory capabilities

42
Q

Cell Mediated Immunity

A

-adaptive immunity

-T cell mediation

-protects from:
chronic bacterial infections
viral respiratory infections
fungal & parasitic infections
tissue transplants
some cancer cells

43
Q

Humoral Immunity

A

-adaptive immunity

-B cell mediation

-protects from:
acute bacterial infections
viruses that enter thru the bloodstream or mucosal tissues
bacterial exotoxins

44
Q

Primary Immunity

A
45
Q

Secondary Immunity

A
46
Q

Inflammation, Tissue Repair, & Fever

A
  1. Injury
  2. Vascular Response
  3. Fluid Exudation
  4. Cellular Exudation
  5. Healing
47
Q

Abscess Formation

A
  1. bacterial invasion and development of inflammation
  2. continued bacterial growth, neutrophil migration, liquefaction tissue necrosis and development of purulent exudate
  3. walling off the inflamed area w/ its purulent exudate to form an abscess
48
Q

Inflammation, Tissue Repair, and Fever Steps 1-7

A
  1. Bacteria and other pathogens enter wound.
  2. Platelets from blood release blood-clotting proteins at wound site.
  3. Mast cells secrete factors that mediate vasodilation and vascular constriction. Delivery of blood, plasma, and cells to injured area increases.
  4. Neutrophils secrete factors that kill and degrade pathogens.
  5. Neutrophils and macrophages remove pathogens by phagocytosis.
  6. Macrophages secrete hormones called cytokines that attract immune system cells to the site and activate cells involved in tissue repair.
  7. Inflammatory response continues until the foreign material is eliminated and the wound is repaired.

Exam 11 Med Surg (8 decks)

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