Immune System

Question 1

Define regeneration

Answer 1

Replacement of lost or damaged tissue by a similar type that has proliferated from surrounding cells

Question 2

Define repair

Answer 2

Replacement of lost or damaged tissue by granulation tissue that matures into fibrous scar tissue

Question 3

What’s the difference between primary and secondary intention?

Answer 3

Wound edges are close VS wide

Reepithlialisation VS granulation tissue

Question 4

Labile
Stable
Permanent

Answer 4

Always in cell cycle so can adapt e.g. epidermis

In G0 temporarily so can adapt e.g. liver

Differentiated so die e.g. axons, myocyte

Question 5

4 types of chronic inflammation

Answer 5

Serous
Fibrinous (due to blood clots)
Purulent (pus)
Granulomatous (systemic disease)

Question 6

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 6

Anything released by other immune cells or complement

Question 7

Which cytokine mainly affects viruses?

Answer 7

Interferons, they stop cytoskeleton movement so they can’t get into our cells and replicate their RNA as easily

Question 8

What are pathogen recognition receptors?

Answer 8

Toll like receptors, C type lectins
Recognise associated molecular patterns
Get antibodies and complement to attack them

Question 9

How are the different complements cascades activated?

Answer 9

Mannose- this molecule is in cell walls, we have receptors for mannose all over the body

Classical- antibodies

Alternative- doesn’t need antibodies, this amplifies the other path ways

Question 10

Which path uses which complement molecule?

Answer 10

Classical C3a and C5b for recruitment
Mannose C3b for opsonisation
Alternative MAC for killing

Question 11

What is somatic hypermutation?

Answer 11

Cytidine deaminase converts C to U therefore breaking a base pair and siding a point mutation
Mutated forms with high affinity are selected

Question 12

What is affinity maturation?

Answer 12

As the immune response matures we continue to select cells with the highest affinity

Question 13

What is the immune system?

Answer 13

Communicative network of cells and chemicals in the blood and tissues that regulates growth and development to protect us from disease

Question 14

What is immunity?

Answer 14

Process that allows innate and acquired resistance to disease

Question 15

What are intraepithelial lymphocytes?

Answer 15

CD8 cytotoxic T cells that kill or release cytokines when meeting pathogens

Question 16

What is autophagy?

Answer 16

Not enough nutrients so the cell has to form isolation membrane which joins to form an autophagosome which merges with lysosomes to eat the cellular content inside

Question 17

What immune responses do antibodies cause?

Answer 17

Degranulation
Promote phagocytosis by binding PMNs
Bind C1q to activate complement