Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cell recognition and the immune response (pack 6) > immune response > Flashcards

immune response Flashcards

1
Q

what is the process called by which bacteria multiply?

A

binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how do viruses multiply?

A

enter the host cell and use the host cells DNA replication and protein production to produce new viral particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

the specific immune response

A

detection of pathogens or antigens that involves white blood cells called B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where do B lymphocytes originate and mature

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where do T lymphocytes originate and mature

A

originate in bone marrow
mature in thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do these lymphocytes have on there cell surface membranes

A

specialised protein receptor molecules
complementary to the shape of one specific antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is clonal selection

A

selection: lymphocyte with complementary protein receptors to those of the antigens is selected when the antigen binds to those receptors
cloning: these selected lymphocytes are then stimulated to divide by mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the specific immune response is divided into

A

cell mediated immunity
humoral immunity
these responses occur at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do T lyphocytes respond to

A

an organisms own cells that have been infected by a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

T cell response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cell mediated immunity
1

A

phagocytes that have engulfed some of the pathogen and any infected body cells place some of the pathogens antigens on their cell surface
this is called antigen representation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cell mediated immunity
2

A

the specific helper T cell with the specific receptor for the antigen come in contact with these anti gen presenting cells and the receptor T H binds with the antigen
this is the selection of the correct T lymphocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cell mediated immunity
3

A

this selection activates and stimulates the selected T cell to divide rapidly by mitosis- to clone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cell mediated immunity
4

A

these cloned T H cells:
- form T memory cells
- stimulate phagocytosis
- stimulate B cells to divide and produce antibodies
- activate cytotoxic T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cell mediated immunity
5

A

activated cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells by producing a protein called perforin that makes holes in the cell surface membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when holes are made in the cell surface membrane how does it affect the cell surface and what will happen to the cell

A

cell becomes permeable
allows water and solutes to enter and exit cell freely
cell will die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what type of pathogen is the cell mediated response most likely to be effective against and why

A

viruses as they replicate inside host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why might T cells respond to transplanted tissues from individuals of the same species

A

different individuals have different antigens on the surface of their cells
so tissues are recognised as non self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why might T cells be able to destroy body cells which have become cancerous

A

mutations in genes coding for (membrane) proteins will cause a different shape from a normal and be seen as non self

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

humoral immunity

A

B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

humour

A

another word for bodily fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how do B cells respond to infection

A

by producing antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

humoral immunity
1

A

an antigen enters the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

humoral immunity
2

A

there will be one B cell that has a specific antibody on its surface whose shape fits the antigen
the shapes are complementary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

humoral immunity
3

A

the specific B cell takes in these antigens by endocytosis and presents them on the surface of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

humoral immunity
4

A

a specific helper T cell attaches and stimulates this B cell to divide by mitosis to form a clone of B cells by releasing cytokines (small proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

humoral immunity
5

A

the cloned B cells develop/ differentiate into:
plasma cells
B memory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

plasma cells

A

these cells produce and release/ secrete antibodies specific to the antigen into the blood plasma
the production of these as well as B memory cells is the primary response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

B memory cells

A

these enable an increased and more rapid response to a second exposure to infection
this is called secondary response

30
Q

Antibody structure

A
  • Made up of 4 polypeptide chains (2 light and 2 heavy)
  • a constant region (same in all antibodies)
  • a variable region (specific shape due to its amino acid sequence- ensures antibody attaches to the correct antigen)
  • hinge region allows antibody to attach to more then one antigen
31
Q

Where do antibodies bind to antigens?

A

Antigen binding site

32
Q

What dowe call an antibody joined to an antigen?

A

Antibody-antigen complex

33
Q

Agglutination of bacterial cells

A

One way antibodies can destroy pathogens

34
Q

Primary response

A
  • First time the immune system encounters a pathogen
  • Cloning of the B cell takes time as there is only very few specific to antigen to begin with
  • antibodies are secreted into the blood at a rate of around 2000 per second
  • antibodies attach to and destroy pathogens and any antigens they produce
  • plasma cells only survive a few days
  • memory cells survive long after primary response
35
Q

Secondary response

A
  • Many memory cells remaining in the blood increase the chance of B cent of the correct type meeting with the pathogen
  • response is much greater and more rapid than primary response
36
Q

What type of cell is responsible for the primary response?

A

Plasma cells

37
Q

Primary stages of vaccination

A

Phagocytosis
Presentation of antigen
clonal selection
Complementary T and B cells
Differentiation

38
Q

What will the immune system produce as a result of vaccination

A

Antibodies
Memory cells

39
Q

Antigenic material used in vaccines may be

A

Whole, living organisms
A harmless or attenuated version of the pathogenic organism
A dead pathogen
A preparation of antigens from a pathogen
Some harmless toxin

40
Q

Active immunity

A

Produced by stimulation of production of antibodies and memory cells by the body’s immune system

41
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Arises due to a response by the immune system to infection

42
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

Arises due to a response by the immune system to vaccination

43
Q

Passive immunity

A

Produced when antibodies are introduced from an outside source
e.g.
Maternal antibodies passed down to foetus
Anti venom given to shake bite victims destroys the toxin

44
Q

Why should people who are at risk of developing serious complications from flu have a flu vaccination every year?

A

Virus mutates frequently
Can cause it to have different shaped antigens
So will no longer be effective

45
Q

Herd immunity

A

Large enough proportion of the population have been vaccinated then it becomes difficult for a pathogen to spread

46
Q

Ethics of using vaccines

A

Use of animals
Testing vaccines
Should be made compulsory?
Cost

47
Q

Main problems with the study linking MMR vaccine with autism

A

Author was paid by legal aid board
Sample size was very small
More recent study has shown no link
Journal now says they would not publish now it knows all of the facts

48
Q

How can the public know when to trust research?

A

Peerview
Source of funding
Personal beliefs
Media presentation
New theories may challenge current beliefs

49
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

specific antibodies
produced outside the body
used to treat diseases medically

50
Q

uses of monoclonal antibodies

A

targeting medication
direct monoclonal antibody therapy
indirect monoclonal antibody therapy
medical diagnosis
pregnancy testing

51
Q

direct monoclonal antibody therapy

A

monoclonal antibody is produced that is specific to the antigen
antibodies are given to patient and attach to the receptors on the cell surface membrane
this blocks chemical signals that stimulate uncontrolled cell growth

52
Q

indirect monoclonal antibody therapy

A

monoclonal antibodies produced that are specific to antigen
radioactive or cytotoxic drug is attached to antibody and given to patient
targets cancer cells thus limiting damage to normal cells

53
Q

medical diagnosis

A

e.g.
influenza
hepatitis
chlamydia
certain cancers

54
Q

pregnancy testing

A
  1. urine of prego contains hormone human chorionic gonadotrophin
  2. pego testing strips have antibodies to hCG linked to an enzyme bound in the strip
  3. strip dipped in urine any hCG travels up strip and binds with the anti- hCG antibody
  4. this complex travels further up the strip binds with an immobilised second anti- hCG antibody
  5. enzyme is held in place to convert a colourless substrate into a coloured substance that appears as a band on the strip
55
Q

ELISA meaning

A

enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

56
Q

ELISA

A
  1. test sample antigens are attached to a well in test dish
  2. unattached antigens are washed off
  3. antibody to the antigen to be detected is added
    4.excess antibody is washed off
  4. a second antibody that only binds with the first and has an enzyme attached is added
  5. excess antibody is washed off
  6. colourless substrate to the enzyme is added- the enzyme acts on substrate to form a coloured product
  7. the amount of antigen present is relative to the intensity of colour
57
Q

ethics of using monoclonal antibodies

A

the use of animals
have successfully treated cancer and diabetes
use in the treatment of multiple sclerosis has resulted in some deaths
using healthy vols may result in dangers

58
Q
A
59
Q

HIV

A

human immunodeficiency virus

60
Q

how is HIV transmitted?

A

unprotected sex with someone infected
infected needles
mother to child
blood transfusion

61
Q

where is the HIV virus found in the body

A

bodily fluids
does not live long outside the body

62
Q

HIV cure?

A

no cure for HIV
treatments are available that enable people with the virus to live a long and healthy life

63
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome
final stage of HIV infection

64
Q

How HIV causes the symptoms of AIDS

A

HIV directly attacks cells such as T helper cells
HIV infected cells die only after releasing replicated viruses which infect other T H cells
over time the number of T H cells decreases

65
Q

what is the effect of low levels of T H cells in terms of the other cells in immune response

A

phacocytosis will not be stimulated
B cells are not stimulated to produce antibodies
cytotoxic T cells are not stimulated to attack infected cells

66
Q

AIDS infected individual in terms of response long term

A

will experience infections and other life threatening illnesses

67
Q

what kills people with AIDS

A

one of more diseases

68
Q

testing for HIV

A

HIV test may detect the presence of HIV antigens,
antibodies or genetic material of HIV
after original infection it takes 2 weeks to 6 months for antibodies to HIV to appear in blood
one test is the ELISA test

69
Q

structure of HIV

A

outside is lipid envelope with peg like attachment proteins
core is a capsid which contains the genetic material- two single strands of RNA
also in the capsid are enzymes required for HIV replication called reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease

70
Q

the life cycle of HIV in a T H cell

A
  1. virus particle bumps into a T helper cell that carries on its surface a receptor protein called CD4
  2. the attachment glycoprotein on the surface of the HIV particle stick to the CD4 and this allows HIV to fuse with the cell membrane
  3. contents of HIV capsid released into cell
  4. HIV enzyme reverse transcriptase copies viral RNA into single stranded DNA and then into double stranded DNA
  5. this DNA is carried onto the cells nucleus through a nuclear pore and inserted into human DNA by the viral enzyme integrase
  6. viral genes are copied alongside human genes to make copies of viral messenger RNA for the viral genome
  7. this is transported outside the nucleus and used to produce viral proteins using human ribosomes
  8. copies of the HIV genetic material and newly made HIV proteins and enzymes assemble at the cells surface and form new viral particles
  9. these are released from the cells in a process known as budding
  10. new HIV particles are now ready to infect other cells
71
Q

why are antibiotics ineffective against viral diseases like AIDS

A

viruses are not cells and don’t have cell walls
antibiotics weaken bacterial cells wall so it no longer withstands expansion as water moves in by osmosis
bacterial cell bursts and bacteria dies

Cell recognition and the immune response (pack 6) (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions