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Biology - Immunity > Immune response > Flashcards

Immune response Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What makes the specific response possible?

The presence of what?

A

Antigens on the surface of the pathogen

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2
Q

What are antigens?

A

Made of proteins or glycoproteins
Found on the surface of cells to identify themselves as self or non self

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3
Q

Name 4 processes involved in the non-specific response

A

Phagocytosis
Lysosyme action
Interferons
Inflammation

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4
Q

Inflammation can be characterized by?

A

Swelling
Painful to touch
Localised increase in temperature
Redness

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5
Q

What cells produce histamine?

A

Mast cells

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6
Q

What do mast cells produce?

A

Histamine

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7
Q

What is the main function of histamine?

A

It is a cell signaling molecule, therefore performs cell signaling

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8
Q

What does histamine stimulate?

A

Vasodilation to increase blood flow through capillaries
Increases permeability of capillary walls causing fluids to enter the tissue (causing swelling)
Phagocytes leave the blood and enter the tissue to engulf foreign particles
Cytokines are released, another cell signaling molecule, triggering an immune response in the infected area

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9
Q

What are interferons?

A

They are anti-viral proteins produced by infected cells

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10
Q

What do interferons do?

A

Inhibit the production of viral proteins
Activate WBCs involved in the specific response to destroy infected cells

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11
Q

Describe the phagocytes’ mode of action

A

Chemicals from pathogens and from cells under attack (histamine) attract the phagocyte to the site of the pathogen
The phagocyte recognizes the non-self antigens on the pathogen
Phagocytosis occurs
Digestive enzymes are released onto the pathogen once lysosomes fuse with the phagocytic vacuole (endocytosis)
Post digestion the phagocyte presents the antigens of the pathogen on its surface and turns into an Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)
This presentation triggers the specific immune response

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12
Q

Which cells produce antibodies?

A

Plasma cells
What do plasma cells produce?
Antibodies

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13
Q

What do plasma cells produce?

A

Antibodies

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14
Q

Describe the structure of immunoglobins

A

Y-shaped molecule consisting of 2 heavy and 2 light polypeptide chains connected by a disulfide bond
Each polypeptide chain has a constant region and a variable region
AA sequence in variable region differs from antibody to antibody
Antigen binding site exists at the end of the variable region
AA sequence in this site is varying greatly hence giving antibodies their specificity

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15
Q

What is an epitope of an antigen?

A

Region of the antigen that binds to the antibody

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16
Q

What are the ways in which antibodies can function?

A

Inhibition – They bind to the receptors on body cells to prevent pathogens from entering them by binding to them
Agglutination – Cause the pathogens to clump together, this reduces the chances of the pathogen spreading and makes it easier for the phagocytes to destroy them
Neutralization – They can act as anti-toxins and destroy the pathogens

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17
Q

Name 2 types of lymphocytes involved in the specific response

A

T cell – killer, memory, helper
B cell – memory, effector

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18
Q

Where are T cells made?

A

In the bone marrow. They finish maturing in the thymus

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19
Q

Describe T cells

A

They have specific receptors on their cell surface membrane known as T cell receptors which are specific to antigens and can bind with them

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20
Q

How to T cells operate post activation?

A

Activation of T cells occur once their receptors bind to specific antigens. These antigens may come from APCS (macrophages), infected cells or the pathogen itself
The T cells then rapidly multiply to form clones of itself by mitosis

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21
Q

What are the 3 types of T cells?

A

Helper
Memory
Killer

22
Q

Give the functions of T helper cells

A

Release of cell signaling chemicals that stimulate B cells and active T killer cells
Opsonisation – Release of opsonins which label pathogens so that they can be subjected to phagocytosis

23
Q

What is the function of T killer cells?

A

Bind to and destroy infected cells

24
Q

How do T killer cells operate?

A

By creating holes in the surface of the cell causing it to lyse

25
Q

What is the function T memory cells?

A

They remain in the blood forever to initiate a faster specific response during the secondary response to the same pathogen

26
Q

Where are B cells made?

A

Bone marrow

27
Q

Describe the receptors on B cells

A

They are known as antibody receptors. All B cells have different types of receptors so a B cell can bind to many types of antigens

28
Q

What do B cells do during infection?

A

B cells with the specific antigen to the antigen of the pathogen detect it, then bind to them forming an antibody-antigen complex
B cell is activated due to this binding as well as cell signaling molecule produced by helper T cells
Upon activation, B cell reproduce by mitosis to produce clones of itself

29
Q

What are the 2 types B cells?

A

Effector
Memory

30
Q

What do B effector cells do?

A

They differentiate into plasma cells which produce specific antibodies

31
Q

What do B memory cells do?

A

They remain the blood stream to produce a faster specific immune response during the secondary immune response

32
Q

Describe the evolutionary race

A

Vertebrates have evolved multiple ways to protect themselves from pathogens. Pathogens have also evolved many ways to evade the immune system. This battle between them to evolve is the evolutionary race

33
Q

What are the evasion mechanisms of HIV?

A

They infect and kill helper T cells so they cannot activate the B cells that can produce antibodies
HIV shows antigenic variability, meaning they mutate at a very high rate so each time the virus enters the body a new primary response is needed
The virus presents any cells from presenting their antigens on their surface, so recognizing infected cells and hence destroying them becomes much harder for WBCs

34
Q

What are the evasion mechanisms of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis?
After being engulfed by phagocytes in the lungs, they release a substance that prevents the lysosomes from fusing with the phagocytic vacuole, preventing their digestion.
Disruption of antigen presentation on cell surface membranes making it difficult for WBCs to detect and destroy infected cells

A

After being engulfed by phagocytes in the lungs, they release a substance that prevents the lysosomes from fusing with the phagocytic vacuole, preventing their digestion.
Disruption of antigen presentation on cell surface membranes making it difficult for WBCs to detect and destroy infected cells

35
Q

What are antbiotics?

A

Chemical substances that damage bacterial cell walls

36
Q

What are the 2 classes of antibiotics?

A

Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal

37
Q

Give the antimicrobial action of antimetabolites

A

They interrupt metabolic pathways by blocking formation of nucleic acids or essential nutrients

38
Q

An example of an antimetabolite

A

Sulfonamides

39
Q

Give the antimicrobial action of protein synthesis inhibitors

A

They interrupt or prevent the transcription and translation of bacterial DNA therefore preventing protein formation

40
Q

An example of a protein synthesis inhibitor

A

Tetracyclines

41
Q

Give the antimicrobial action of cell wall agents

A

They prevent formation of cross linkages in the bacterial cell walls, leaving the cell to die by lysis

42
Q

An example of a cell wall agent

A

Beta lactams

43
Q

Give the antimicrobial action of cell membrane agents

A

Damage the cell membrane so electrolytes move out or water moves in, killing the cell

44
Q

An example of cell membrane agents

A

Cephalosporins

45
Q

Give the antimicrobial action of DNA gyrase inhibitors

A

It prevents the bacterial DNA from winding up, so it can no longer fit in the cell

46
Q

An example of a DNA gyrase inhibitor

A

Quinolone

47
Q

An example of a DNA gyrase inhibitor

A

Quinolone

48
Q

Give practices done to avoid rise of antibiotic resistant HAIs

A

No prescribing antibiotics as a preventative measure
No prescriptions for minor infections
Prescription of narrow range antibiotics rather than broad range ones
Rotate the types of antibiotics used

49
Q

Give practices done to avoid rise of antibiotic resistant HAIs

A

No prescribing antibiotics as a preventative measure
No prescriptions for minor infections
Prescription of narrow range antibiotics rather than broad range ones
Rotate the types of antibiotics used

50
Q

Give practices done to avoid rise of antibiotic resistant HAIs

A

No prescribing antibiotics as a preventative measure
No prescriptions for minor infections
Prescription of narrow range antibiotics rather than broad range ones
Rotate the types of antibiotics used

51
Q

Give practices done to avoid rise of antibiotic resistant HAIs

A

No prescribing antibiotics as a preventative measure
No prescriptions for minor infections
Prescription of narrow range antibiotics rather than broad range ones
Rotate the types of antibiotics used

Biology - Immunity (3 decks)

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