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Immunology Midterm 1 > Immune mediators > Flashcards

Immune mediators Flashcards

1
Q

what is essential for an effective immune response

A

communication

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2
Q

what do soluble mediators do

A

can travel throughout the body to change cell behaviour

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3
Q

soluble

A

floating, not attached to anything, in solution

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4
Q

what can mediators work together to produce

A

inflammatory cascades

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5
Q

general term for mediator

A

cytokine

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6
Q

what are mediators classified by

A

classified based on their structure
ex. mediators produced by monocytes = monokines

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7
Q

Interleukins (ILs)

A
  • cause immune effects
  • can be pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory
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8
Q

chemokines

A
  • cause cells to migrate in specific directions (chemotactic)
  • use a chemokine gradient
  • ex. CXCL8 (IL-8)
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9
Q

what are cytokines

A

signalling molecules released by cells

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10
Q

what is chemokine expression responsible for

A

maintaining physiological traffic of leukocytes to specific tissues
- constitutive

recruiting immune cells to inflamed tissues
- induced

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11
Q

what do chemokines bind to

A

components of extracellular matrix

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12
Q

what can pro-inflammatory cytokines do

A

increase chemokine production from different cell types
ex. epithelial cells, endothelial cells

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13
Q

pro-inflammatory cytokines

A
  • turn on inflammatory response
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14
Q

anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

turn off inflammatory response

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15
Q

how do cytokines work

A

act by binding receptors, that produce second messages, activate transcription factors and produce new proteins

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16
Q

pleotropic cytokine

A

a single cytokine has multiple functions, depending on cell type
- changes the outcome

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17
Q

redundant cytokine

A

several cytokines can produce the same response
- pathogens fighting against immune system

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18
Q

cytokine work cooperatively

A

many cytokines are produced together from the same stimulus
- some cytokines can enhance the production of other cytokines

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19
Q

what are the ways cytokines can act

A

locally (autocrine, paracrine) or systemically (endocrine)

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20
Q

how do cytokines mediate their effects

A

via receptors (usually on surface)
- cytokines bound to receptors cause activation of downstream proteins
- this leads to activation of transcription factors
- transcription factors move to the nucleus and cause transcription of proteins needed for immune responses

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21
Q

what drives gene expression

A

transcription factors

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22
Q

Cluster of differentiation (CD)

A
  • cell surface molecules
  • CDs are used to identify cell type
    ex. CD4 - helper T cell, CD8 - killer T cell
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23
Q

what parts of your body can get infected

A

every part
-meaning your immune system needs to access and respond to infections in every part of your body

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24
Q

what could be fatal to immune-privileged tissues (eye, placenta and fetus, CNS)

A

robust inflammation

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25
Q

what two systems do immune cells use to traffic through the body

A

blood and lymphatic systems

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26
Q

blood system

A

blood vessels have access to every organ and tissue in your body

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27
Q

what are blood vessels made up of

A

endothelial cells

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28
Q

what are endothelial cells very responsive to

A

inflammation

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29
Q

what blood cells circulate through the lymphatic system

A

white blood cells

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30
Q

what is the lymphatic system

A

a network of vessels that are filled with lymph

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31
Q

what is lymph

A

a protein-rich liquid derived from blood plasma
- waste system

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32
Q

where do vessels in the lymphatic system drain

A

into lymph nodes

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33
Q

where does lymph drain from and to

A

from tissues and organs into lymphatic vessels and to the nodes then back into blood

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34
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs

A
  • sites of leukocyte production and maturation
  • thymus, bone marrow
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35
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • sites of leukocyte activation
  • lymph nodes, spleen, peyer’s patches (in intestines), and mucosal tissues
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36
Q

where is bone marrow found

A

found in the centre of axial and long bones

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37
Q

where is the site of hematopoiesis

A

bone marrow
- production of red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets

38
Q

what are progenitors

A

precursors to mature cells
- cells that can become other cell tyoes

39
Q

hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

A
  • self renew and give rise to any hematopoietic cells
  • rapidly growing
40
Q

where is the site for B cell development and maturation

A

bone marrow

41
Q

how do pre - B cells produce their B cell receptor

A

through a process of random receptor rearrangement

42
Q

what does it mean that the process is random in B cells

A

auto-reactive BCRs can be generated
- self reactive B cells would be dangerous, leading to auto-immunity

43
Q

negative selection

A

auto-reactive B cells are deleted (apoptosis) in the bone marrow

44
Q

what happens to B cells that do not bind

A

they self differentiate into mature B cells
- enter circulation and secondary lymphoid organs

45
Q

where do all cells start

A

bone marrow

46
Q

where is the thymus

A

lobed, capsulated organ found in the upper thorax
- above the heart

47
Q

when is the thymus very active

A

before birth and during childhood (when immune system is being established)

48
Q

when does the thymus peak in size

A

at puberty then dwindles with age

49
Q

what is the thymus the site of

A

T cell development and maturation
- notable sites: medulla and cortex

50
Q

Thymus and T cells

A

immature T cells (thymocytes) move (traffic) from the bone marrow to the thymus cortex

51
Q

what is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A
  • every nucleated cell in your body expresses MHC on its surface
  • antigen presenting MHC class II
  • every cell expresses MCH class I (including APCs)
  • T cell receptors bind to MHC
52
Q

what are the two jobs of MHC

A
  1. helps T cells determine ‘self’
    - what does YOUR MHC look like?
    - if you bring in cells from another person, their MHC looks different, and your T cells will react to those as non-self
  2. helps T cells recognize antigens and respond with an immune response
    - TCRs can’t recognize antigens directly, they can only ‘see’ antigens presented in MHC
53
Q

MHC class II

A
  • activates helper T cells and their downstream effects
  • activation of B cells
    CD4+ T cell
54
Q

MHC class I

A

Activates killer T cells and their downstream effects
- kill cells
- CD8+ T cell

55
Q

what happens to T cells in the cortex

A

T cells start making their TCRs usiing random rearrangement

56
Q

what do new TCRs react with

A

cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs)

57
Q

what happens if TCRs don’t bind MHC

A

then they can’t recognize self and they die by apoptosis

58
Q

positive selection

A

TCRs that bind to MHC-peptide complexes with low affinity are allowed to grow

59
Q

what happens in T cell selection after positive selection

A

T cells move to thymic medulla
- interact with medullary TECs, macrophages, and dendritic cells

60
Q

what happens to TCRs that bind too tightly to MHC-peptide complexes

A

they are deleted by apoptosis
- potential for auto-immunity
- most thymocytes die at this stage

61
Q

is T cell binding to MHC good or bad

A

good

62
Q

is T cell binding to self peptide good or bad

A

bad

63
Q

low binding T cell means cell _____

A

lives

64
Q

strong bonding T cell means

A

T cell is killed

65
Q

what happens when B and T cells pass their selection process

A

they leave the primary lymphoid organs for the secondary lymphoid organs

66
Q

what does the secondary lymphoid system promote

A

adaptive immune responses

67
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • no pump
  • flows through body and drains into lymph nodes
  • antigens funnel from tissues into secondary lymphoid organs and are presented to T and B cells
68
Q

what does compartmentalization do in secondary lymphoid organs

A

allows antigen to be concentrated in a specific area
- increases chance of antigen match to TCR or BCR

69
Q

how many lymph nodes are in the human body

A

over 500

70
Q

what are lymph nodes connected by

A

lymphatic vessels

71
Q

where does lymph containing antigens enter

A

the node
- concentrates antigens
- we only have a few B and T cells that match a pathogen

72
Q

how do lymphocytes get activated

A

if any lymphocytes have TCRs or BCRs that recognize antigen, they get activated
- clonal expansion, maturation, ultimately help destroy the pathogen

73
Q

afferent lymphatics

A

how antigens (carried in lymph) and APCs enter the node

Afferent - Arriving

74
Q

Efferent lymphatics

A

how lymph and T cells leave the node

Efferent - Exit

75
Q

3 regions of the lymph node

A
  1. cortex
    - B cells in spherical follicles
  2. paracortex
    - T cells enter through HEVs
    - interact with APCs
  3. Medulla
    - also B cells, but fewer
76
Q

T cells are _____. they move between _____ and _____

A

T cells are mobile. they move between blood and lymph node

77
Q

how do non-activated T cells leave the node

A

through efferent lymphatics
- join the blood supply at thoracic duct

78
Q

activated CD4+ T cells move from _____ to the _____

A

from paracortex to the follicle
- interact with B cells to activate

79
Q

how do activated CD8+ T cells leave the node

A

through efferent lymphatics

80
Q

where do B cells go in the lymph nodes

A

they stay put, but can circulate through lymph nodes

81
Q

what do antibodies do when they leave the node

A

circulate through body, enter site of infection and help fight

82
Q

spleen

A
  • located in upper abdomen
  • not linked to lymphatics
  • collects antigens from blood only
83
Q

red pulp

A

where red blood cells are destroyed
- lots of macrophages

84
Q

white pulp

A

where lymphocytes reside

85
Q

MALT

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
- organized lymphoid structures found in mucosal organs
- tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer’s patches

86
Q

GALT

A

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue

87
Q

NALT

A

nasal-associated lymphoid tissue

88
Q

BALT

A

bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

89
Q

what vaccine takes advantage of MALT

A

flumist

90
Q

what are M cells and what do they do

A
  • specialized, thin epithelial cells
  • help pathogens pass the epithelial barrier into the tissue
91
Q

what do organized T and B cell areas also have

A

macrophages and dendritic cells (APCs)

Immunology Midterm 1 (6 decks)

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