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Exam 3: Histology > Immune/Lymphatics I > Flashcards

Immune/Lymphatics I Flashcards

1
Q

Innate Immunity

A
  • lacks specificity and memory
  • response = inflammation
  • neutrophils are first responders
  • toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
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2
Q

Acquired immunity

A
  • displays specificity and memory
  • develops in response to antigens
  • more powerful than innate immunity
  • takes longer to develop
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3
Q

Passive immunity

A
  • temporary immunity due to “donated” antibodies (ie: transplacental passing, rabies or tetanus vaccine, antitoxins like diphtheria)
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4
Q

Active immunity

A
  • long lasting/permanent immunity due to self-exposure to antigen resulting in memory T cells and B cells specific for antigen
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5
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A
  • thymus and bone marrow
  • precursor cells mature into immunocompetent cells; each programmed to recognize specific antigen
  • where lymphocytes originate
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6
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils
  • trapped antigens stimulate clonal expansions of mature T and B cells
  • where lymphocytes reside
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7
Q

Lymph node

A
  • filters lymph, maintains and differentiates B cells, and houses T cells
  • detect and react to lymph-borne antigens
  • surrounded by capsule (dense collagen fibers, elastic and smooth muscle fibers surrounded by adipose tissue)
  • parenchyma divided into cortex and medulla; consists of cells that pack areas of lymphoid organ (lymphocytes)
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8
Q

Arteries, veins, and lymphatic system

A

The arteries are like a two-lane highway bringing nutrients, oxygen and fluid to the breast. The vein is a one-lane highway taking away the used blood, and the lymphatic channels are the other one-lane highway draining away the lymph fluid. Two lanes in together, but two separate lanes out

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9
Q

Cortex of lymph node

A

has two zones:

  • outer cortex, containing lymphoid follicles
  • inner/deep cortex, housing CD4+ helper T cells and venules lined by high endothelial cells (port of entry for circulating differentiated lymphocytes to seed node)
  • inner/deep cortex is zone where T cells interact with B cells to induce their proliferation and differentiation when exposed to a specific lymph borne antigen
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10
Q

Lymphoid follicle/nodule

A
  • consists of a mantle (facing cortex) and germinal center containing proliferating B cells (lymphoblasts)
  • not enclosed within a capsule
  • occur singly or in aggregates
  • site of B cell localization and proliferation
  • transient
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11
Q

Primary follicle/nodule

A
  • spherical, tightly packed accumulations of virgin B cells and dendritic reticular cells that have not been exposed to antigens
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12
Q

Secondary follicle/nodule

A
  • derived from primary follicles that have been exposed to non-self antigens
  • not present at birth
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13
Q

Structure of secondary lymph follicle

A

Corona (cortex)
- darker peripheral region, composed of densely packed B lymphocytes

Germinal center
- central, lighter stained region, composed of B lymphocytes, memory B cells, plasma cells, dendritic reticular cells which function as antigen-presenting cells

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14
Q

Vascular supply of lymphoid follicles

A
  • arteriole and venule supply the cortex
  • other arterioles/venules supply the germinal center
  • lymph capillaries not present
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15
Q

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

A
  • made up of scattered clusters of plasma cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes located in connective tissue
  • subcutaneous assoc lymph tissue found in papillary layer of dermis
  • lamina-propria assoc lymph tissue includes: MALT, BALT, and GALT
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16
Q

Aggregated lymph tissue

A
  • beneath/in contact with the epithelium

- includes various tonsils, Peyer’s patches in the ileum

17
Q

Lymphopoiesis

A
  • all immune system cells originate in bone marrow
  • immature T cells travel to thymus
  • B cells travel to specific regions in lymph tissue
18
Q

B cells

A
  • maturation of B cells involves appearance of cell surface receptors such as IgM and IgD, MHC class II proteins, complement receptors, Ig Fc receptors
19
Q

Antibodies (immunoglobins)

A

5 classes: IgG, A, M, E, D

structure:

  • light and heavy chains
  • highly variable region (Fab fragment, recognizes antigen)
  • less variable region (Fc fragment, binds antibody to cells)
20
Q

IgA

A
  • found in saliva, milk, genitourinary (GU) and respiratory tracts
21
Q

IgD

A
  • found on surface B cells traveling to lymphoid organs
22
Q

IgG

A
  • major Ig in blood

- responsible for most antibody activity

23
Q

IgE

A
  • associated with allergic responses
24
Q

IgM

A
  • 1st antibody class expressed by developing B cells
25
Q

Major Histocompatibilty Complex (MHC)

A

in humans called Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)

function: presentation of antigenic peptides (on surface of macrophages) to T cells

26
Q

MHC I

A
  • expressed on surface of all cells (except RBCs and trophoblast)
27
Q

MHC II

A
  • expressed on surface of B cells and antigen-presenting cells
28
Q

CD8+ T cell

A
  • cytolytic T cells
  • recognizes peptide fragments of foreign proteins bound to MHC I on surface of cells
  • both CD8 and T cell antigen receptor are required for the binding of MHC I protein fragments
  • undergo mitosis
  • release perforins and Fas ligand
  • mediate cellular immunity
  • member of the Ig superfamily
29
Q

CD4+ T cell

A
  • recognize peptide fragments of foreign proteins bound to MHC II proteins on surface of antigen presenting cells
  • helper cells that assist in CD8+/B cell differentiation
30
Q

T cells

A
  • pre T cells develop in bone marrow

- travel to thymus to complete maturation

31
Q

CD16+ cells

A
  • natural killer (NK) T cells

- when activated by tumor cell antigens, T-helper cells release cytokines

32
Q

Interleukin-2

A
  • cytokine released by activated T-helper cells that stimulates proliferation of NK cells
33
Q

Interferon-gamma

A
  • cytokine released by activated T-helper cells that activates NK cells
34
Q

Macrophage activating factor (MAF)

A
  • cytokine released by activated T-helper cells that activate macrophages
35
Q

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-beta)

A
  • cytokine released by activated T-helper cells that kill tumor cells directly
36
Q

Complement system

A
  • array of serum proteins synthesized in liver and found in blood
  • system that facilitates inflammatory responses
  • classic pathway cascade is activated by antibody binding to a pathogen
  • alternate pathway cascade is directly activated by the pathogen
  • either pathway involves coating the pathogen with complement initiating the cascade
37
Q

Result of complement cascade

A
  • activation of membrane attack complex (MAC) on pathogen, leading to perforations and lysis
  • production of opsonins, which coat antigens making them palatable to phagocytes
  • release of chemotactic agents (chemokines) which attract phagocytes (chemotaxis) to areas of infection or inflammation
38
Q

Medulla of lymph node

A
  • irregular arrangement of medullary sinuses and dense medullary cords
  • sinuses lined with macrophages
  • cords consist of blood vessels, lymphoblasts, and plasma cells
  • site of lymphocyte reentry into lymph stream
  • thymic dependent areas in subcortical and deeper medullary regions

Exam 3: Histology (4 decks)

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