immune lecture Flashcards
what is the immune system
The body’s ability to reduce disease
what are the physical barriers of the immune system
skin
mucous membranes
cilia in the lungs
what are the chemical barriers of the immune system
mucus enzymes in tears gastric acid secretions GU tract sebaceous glands sweat glands
what are the types of immunity
innate
and
aquired
what is innate immunity
the immunity we have at birth.
it is the first line and has a non specific response allowing it to act quickly to invade pathogens without prior exposure
what is the innate systems primary WBCs
monocytes and neutrophils
what is active acquired immunity
immunity from a pathogen from the invasion or vaccination.
with the invasion the body builds up antibodies to that pathogen and the body response more rapidly and vigorously to fight off the invader.
antibodies are synthesized so immunity takes time but is long lasting
what is passive acquired immunity
when the host receives antibodies to an antigen rather than synthesizing them.
can occur across the placenta or through breast feeding or injection of immunoglobulins.
it has an immediate effect but is short lived because the body does not retain memoryy of the antibodies.
what are the WBCs
neutrophils leukocytes monocytes eosinophils basophils
what are the central and peripheral lymphoid organs
central:
Thymus Gland
Bone Marrow
Perihpheral: lymph nodes tonsils spleen gut-genital-broncial- skin associated lymphoid tissue
what are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins
IgG-enhances phagocytosis- major role in blood borne and tissue infections-viral and bacterial
IgA-protects body surfaces
IgM-activates compliment system(viral and bacterial)
IgD-unclear role
IgE-allergic and sensitivity reactions- combats parasitic infections
what are the 2 types of B cells
plasma cells and memory cells
what are plasma cells
B cells mature into plasma cells and then they:
-produce antibodies
and stimulate phagocytosis
what wbc will increase in allergic reactions
basophils
what WBC will increase in parasitic infections
eosionophils
what will an increase in lymphocytes indicate
viruses, CA cells and immune reactions
what are cytokines
plasma proteins
-assist with immune response
primary disorder of the immune system occur when
occur when immune cells are absent or improperly developed
what is graft versus host disease
a primary immune disorder
the graft rejects the host
-occurs in immunodeificient pts.
what are 2ndary immune disorders caused from
caused by illness or tx of illness
age
stress
malnutrition
what immunoglobulin is involved in a hypersensitivity reaction
IgE
what is a hypersensitivity reaction
abnormal exaggerated immune response
-usually not the first exposure to allergen
what is the tx for hypersensitivity reactions
1- withdraw allergen
2- manage airway and breathing- o2 airway adjuncts
3- med tx- antihistamines, corticosteroids, epinepherine
what are the 2 types of latex allergies
type 1- response to rubber latex proteins- occurs within minutes of contact
type IV- reaction caused by chemicals used in manufacturing process-
delayed 6-48 hrs
what are the sxs of reaction caused by chemicals used in manufacturing latex gloves
dryness
erethema
pruritus
fissuring and cracking of skin
what are the major functions of the lymphoid system
- filtering foreign substances
- circulation of lymphocytes
- differentiation and maturation of lymphocytes
- proteting body surfaces from invasion of pathogens
what can affect the immune system function
- CNS integrity-(regulates immune function)
- physical/ emotional status
- medications (corticosteroids)
- dietary patterns
- stress of illness
- trauma/surgery
Why don’t the T cells attack our cells antigens
because during maturation they recognize the self antigens and know not to attack it.
where are the lymphocytes formed
the originate in the bone marrow as stem cells and mature into specific cell types depending on the needs of the body.
B cells- form in bone marrow and enter circulation
T cells travel from the bone marrow to the thymus gland where they mature
what is self tolerance
the ability of the body to recognize self vs non self
all of the body cells have antigens unique to that person- this helps the body recognize itself.
what are T cells responsible for
the immunity to intracellular viruses tumor cells and fungi
they attack the antigen directly in the cell membrane
provide long term immunity
what are the differentiations of T cells
- T Cytotoxic cells- alter cell membrane and cause lysis
- T Helper Cells- secrete cytokines
- T suppressor- prevents over reactive response
- memory cells- recognize antigens from previous exposure
what cells does cytotoxic T cells attack
virally infected
grafts
transplanted organs
what are natural killer cells
large lymphocytes that recognize and kill virus infected cells, tumor cells
and transplanted grafts
what is associated with cell mediated immunity
immune response that is initiated by the recognition of antigens by T CELLS
- fighting pathogens,
- transplant rejection
- contact hypersensitivity reactions
- surveillance for malignant cell changes
what is humoral immunity
“antibody mediated immunity”
recognition of antigens by B CELLS
the pathogen enters the body
the macrophage phagocytes bacteria and presents antigen to B cell.
when the cell comes in contact with the antigen it becomes activated and differentiates into plasma cell which then secretes immunoglobulins.
what is the primary response time in humoral immunity
4-8 days
what is the second exposure response time in humoral immunity
1-3 days
what are the different cytokines
interleukins- communication among immune cells
interferons-anti viral and anti tumor properties
tumor necrosis factor- anti tumor properties
what is the sequence in a type 1 allergic reaction
the allergen comes in contact with the b cell
then the b cell matures to a plasma cell and synthesizes a large amount of IgE antibody
the antibodies bind to mast cells
when person comes in contact with that allergen again, it binds to the IgE mast cell complex which triggers the release of chemical mediators such as histamine
what are the hypersensitivity reactions
Type 1- Anaphylactic reaction
Type II- cytotoxic reactions
Type III- immune complex reaction
Type IV- delayed type hypersensitivity reaction
what are the s/s of an anaphylactic reaction
urticaria (hives) erythema hypotension bronchospasm wheezing angioedema CV collapse (occurs within minutes of exposure)
what are the treatments of anaphylactic shock
withdraw the allergen
manage airway and breathing
med tx- antihistamines, corticosteroids, epinephrine
what is associated with Type II reactions
IgG or IgM antibodies bind to antigen activating compliment system
cells targeted are erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes
ex: Transfusion reactions,
what is associated with type III reactions
antigens combine with IgG and IgM
associated with auto immune diseases
what is associated with type IV reaction
sensitized T cells attack antigens or release cytokines
the macrophages in the area and the cytokines cause the tissue damage
usually takes 24-48 hours to show s/s
